lt;/ref> |Governor Rick Perry (Republican Party (United States) |Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst (R) |Legislature Texas Legislature |Upperhouse Texas Senate |Lowerhouse Texas House of Representatives |Senators Kay Bailey Hutchison (R)
John Cornyn (R) |Representative20 Republicans, 12 Democrats |PostalAbbreviation TX |TradAbbreviation Tex. |BorderingStates Arkansas Louisiana
New Mexico Oklahoma |OfficialLang No official language
(see Languages of Texas |AreaRank 2nd |TotalAreaUS 268,820 |TotalArea 696,241 |LandAreaUS 261,797 |LandArea 678,051 |WaterAreaUS 6,784 |WaterArea 17,574 |PCWater 2.5 |PopRank 2nd |2000Pop (old) 20,851,820 |2000Pop 24,782,302 (2009 est.)lt;/ref> |DensityRank 26th |2000DensityUS 79.6 |2000Density 30.75 |Total GDP $1,065,891,000 |Total GDP Rank 2nd |Per capita GDP $43,283 |Per Capita GDP Rank 16th |AdmittanceOrder 28th |AdmittanceDate December 29, 1845 |TimeZone Central Standard Time Zone UTC 6/Daylight saving time |TZ1Where most of state |TimeZone2 Mountain Standard Time Zone UTC−7/−6 |TZ2Where tip of West Texas |Latitude 25° 50′ N to 36° 30′ N |Longitude 93° 31′ W to 106° 39′ W |WidthUS 773lt;/ref> |Width 1,244 |LengthUS 790 |Length 1,270 |HighestPoint Guadalupe Peak lt;ref name"usgs">lt;/ref> |HighestElevUS 8,751 |HighestElev 2,667 |MeanElevUS 1,700 |MeanElev 520 |LowestPoint Gulf of Mexico coast |LowestElevUS 0 |LowestElev 0 |ISOCode US-TX |ElectoralVotes 34 |Website www.texasonline.com/ }} Texas ( is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States The name, meaning "friends" or "allies" in Caddo language was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/TT/pft4.html TEXAS, ORIGIN OF NAME] Handbook of Texas Onlinelt;/ref> Located in the South Central United States Texas is bordered by Mexico to the south, New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of and a growing population of 24.7 million residents.lt;/ref> Houston is the largest city in Texas and the List of United States cities by population in the United States, while San Antonio is the second largest in the state and seventh largest in the United States. Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex and Greater Houston are the fourth and sixth largest United States metropolitan areas respectively. Other major cities include El Paso and Austin, Texas the Capital city Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star Stateto signify Texas as an independent republic and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The "Lone Star" can be found on the Texas State Flag and on the Texas State Seal today.lt;/ref> Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault Texas contains diverse Geography of Texas that resemble both the American Southern United States and Southwestern United States Sansom, Andrew: [http://books.google.com/books?id=LEHH7ovVVDgC Water in Texas: An Introduction] University of Texas Press, 2008, pg. 25 Although Texas is popularly associated with the List of North American deserts less than 10% of the land area is desert Dingus, Anne: The dictionary of Texas misinformation‎ Gulf Publishing Company, 1987 Most of the population centers are located in areas of former prairie , grassland , piney woods and the coastline Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamp and piney woods to rolling plains and rugged hills, and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend (Texas) The term "six flags over Texas came from the several nations that had ruled over the territory. Spanish Texas was the first European country to claim the area of Texas. France held a French colonization of Texas in Texas. Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic of Texas In 1845 it joined the United States as the 28th state. The states Texas Annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state Texas declared its secession from the United States in early 1861, joining the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War After the war and its restoration to the Union, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texas industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle Due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy The states economic fortunes changed in the early 1900s, when petroleum Spindletop initiated an boom and bust in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified Economy of Texas and high tech industry in the mid twentieth century. Today it has more Fortune 500 companies than any other U.S. state.[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2009/states/TX.html Fortune 500 2009: Our annual ranking of Americas largest corporations], CNNMoney.com, retrieved August 2009[http://www.rickperry.org/media/texas-passes-new-york-fortune-500-list Texas passes New York on Fortune 500 list] RickPerry.Org, retrieved Aug. 2009 With a growing base of industry, the state leads in many industries, including agriculture petrochemicals energy industry computer industry and consumer electronics aerospace and medical research It leads the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest Gross State Product Texas GDP per capita (nominally) is ranked 23rd in the nation, which is below the national average.

History

Pre-European era

Texas lies between two major cultural spheres of Pre-Columbian North America the Southwestern tribes and the Plains Indians areas. Archaeologists have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this territory, and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact. These were:Richardson (2005), p. 9. * the Ancient Pueblo Peoples from the upper Rio Grande region, centered west of Texas; * the Mississippian culture also known as Mound builder (people) which extended along the Mississippi River Valley east of Texas; and * the civilizations of Mesoamerica centered south of Texas. Influence of Teotihuacan in northern Mexico peaked around AD 500 and declined over the 8th to 10th centuries. No culture was dominant in the present-day Texas region, and many peoples inhabited the area. Native Americans in the United States tribes that lived inside the boundaries of present-day Texas include the Alabama (people) Apache Atakapan Bidai Caddo Coahuiltecan Comanche Choctaw Coushatta Hasinai Jumano Karankawa Kickapoo people Kiowa Tonkawa and Wichita (tribe) Richardson (2005), pp 10–16lt;/ref> The name Texas derives from {{unicode|táyshaʔ}} , a word in the Caddoan languages of the Hasinai which means "friends" or "allies".lt;/ref>lt;/ref>Richardson, p 1lt;/ref>Wallace Chafe, p.c. Whether a Native American tribe was friendly or warlike was critical to the fates of European explorers and settler in that land.Richardson, p 10 Friendly tribes taught newcomers how to grow indigenous crops, prepare foods, and hunt game (food) Warlike tribes made life difficult and dangerous for Europeans through their attacks and resistance to the newcomers.Rupert N. Richardson, Adrian Anderson, Cary D. Wintz & Ernest Wallace, Texas: the Lone Star State 9th edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 0131835505, pp.10–16

Colonization

Image:Map of Texas 1718.jpg map, approximate state area highlighted, northern areas indefinite]] The first historical document related to Texas was a map of the Gulf Coast created in 1519 by Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda Chipman (1992), p. 243.Weber (1992), p. 34. Nine years later, shipwrecked Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his cohort became the first European ethnic groups in Texas.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> European powers ignored Texas until accidentally settling there in 1685. Miscalculations by René Robert Cavelier de La Salle resulted in his establishing the colony of French colonization of Texas at Matagorda Bay rather than along the Mississippi River Weber (1992), p. 149. The colony lasted only four years before succumbing to harsh conditions and hostile natives.Chipman (1992), p. 83. In 1690 Spanish authorities, concerned that France posed competitive threat, constructed several Spanish missions in Texas in East Texas Chipman (1992), p. 89. After Native American resistance, the Spanish missionaries returned to Mexico.Weber (1992), p. 155. When France began settling La Louisiane mostly in the southern part of the state, in 1716 Spanish authorities responded by founding a new series of missions in East Texas.Chipman (1992), pp. 111–112.Weber (1992), p. 160. Two years later, they created San Antonio, Texas as the first Spanish civilian settlement in Texas.Weber (1992), p. 163. Hostile native tribes and distance from nearby Spanish colonies discouraged settlers from moving to Texas. It was one of New Spains least populated provinces.Chipman (1992), p. 205. In 1749, the Spanish peace treaty with the Lipan Apache lt;ref name"weber193">Weber (1992), p. 193. angered many tribes, including the Comanche Tonkawa and Hasinai Weber (1992), p. 189. The Comanche signed a treaty with Spain in 1785Weddle (1995), p. 163. and later helped to defeat the Lipan Apache and Karankawa tribes.Weddle (1995), p. 164.Chipman (1992), p. 200. With more numerous missions being established, priests led a peaceful conversion of most tribes. By the end of the 1700s only a few nomadic tribes had not converted to Christianization Chipman (1992), p. 202. When the United States Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, American authorities insisted that the agreement also included Texas. The boundary between New Spain and the United States was finally set at the Sabine River (Texas-Louisiana) in 1819.Weber (1992), pp. 291–299. Eager for new land, many United States settlers refused to recognize the agreement. Several filibuster (military) raised armies to invade Texas.Davis (2006), p. 46. In 1821, the Mexican War of Independence included the Texas territory, which became part of Mexico.Weber (1992), p. 300. Due to its low population, Mexico made the area part of the state of Coahuila y Tejas Manchaca (2001), p. 162. Image:Stephen f austin.jpg was the first American [[empresario]]given permission to operate a colony within Mexican Texas ]] Hoping that more settlers would reduce the near-constant Comanche raids, Mexican Texas liberalized its immigration policies to permit immigrants from outside Mexico and Spain.Manchaca (2001), p. 164. Under the Mexican immigration system, large swathes of land were allotted to [[empresario]]s who recruited settlers from the United States, Europe, and the Mexican interior. The first grant, to Moses Austin was passed to his son Stephen F. Austin after his death. Austins settlers, the Old Three Hundred made places along the Brazos River in 1822.Manchaca (2001), p. 198. Twenty-three other empresarios brought settlers to the state, the majority of whom were from the United States.Manchaca (2001), p. 199. The population of Texas grew rapidly. In 1825, Texas had a population of approximately 3,500, with most of Mexican descent.Edmondson (2000), p. 75. By 1834, Texas had grown to approximately 37,800 people, with only 7,800 of Mexican descent.Manchaca (2001), pp. 172, 201. Many immigrants openly flouted Mexican law, especially the prohibition against slavery Combined with United States attempts to purchase Texas, Mexican authorities decided in 1830 to prohibit continued immigration from the United States.Edmondson (2000), p. 78. New laws also called for the enforcement of duty (economics) angering both native Mexican citizens ([[Tejano]]s and recent immigrants.Davis (2006), p. 77. The Anahuac Disturbances in 1832 were the first open revolt against Mexican rule and they coincided with a revolt in Mexico against the nations president.Davis (2006), p. 85. Texian sided with the federalism against the current government and drove all Mexican soldiers out of East Texas.Davis (2006), pp. 86–9. They took advantage of the lack of oversight to agitate for more political freedom. Texians met at the Convention of 1832 to discuss requesting independent statehood, among other issues.Davis (2006), p. 92. The following year, Texians reiterated their demands at the Convention of 1833

Republic

Image:Wpdms republic of texas.svg Image:Texas proposed boundaries.svg Within Mexico, tensions continued between federalists and centralists. In early 1835, wary Texians formed Committees of Correspondence and Safety.Huson (1974), p. 4. The unrest erupted into armed conflict in late 1835 at the Battle of Gonzales Hardin (1994), p. 12. This launched the Texas Revolution and over the next two months, the Texian successfully defeated all Mexican troops in the region.Barr (1990), p. 64. Texians elected delegates to the Consultation (Texas) which created a provisional government.Winders (2004), p. 72. The provisional government soon collapsed from infighting, and Texas was without clear governance for the first two months of 1836.Winders (2004), pp. 90, 92.Hardin (1994), p. 109. During this time of political turmoil, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna personally led an army to end the revolt.Hardin (1994), p. 102. The Mexican expedition was initially successful. General Jose de Urrea defeated all the Texian resistance along the coast culminating in the Goliad Massacre lt;/ref> Santa Annas forces, after a Siege of the Alamo overwhelmed Texian defenders at the Battle of the Alamo News of the defeats sparked panic amongst Texas settlers. The newly elected Texian delegates to the Convention of 1836 quickly signed a Texas Declaration of Independence on March 2, forming the Republic of Texas After electing interim officers, the Convention disbanded.Roberts and Olson (2001), p. 144. The new government joined the other settlers in Texas in the Runaway Scrape fleeing from the approaching Mexican army.Todish et al.(1998), p. 68. After several weeks of retreat, the Texian Army commanded by Sam Houston attacked and defeated Santa Annas forces at the Battle of San Jacinto Todish et al.(1998), p. 69. Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign the Treaties of Velasco ending the war.Todish et al.(1998), p. 70. While Texas had won their independence, political battles raged between two factions of the new Republic. The nationalist faction, led by Mirabeau B. Lamar advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the Native Americans in the United States and the expansion of the Republic to the Pacific Ocean. Their opponents, led by Sam Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful co-existence with Native Americans. The conflict between the factions was typified by an incident known as the Texas Archive War lt;/ref> Mexico launched two small expeditions into Texas in 1842. The town of San Antonio was captured twice and Texans were defeated in battle in the Dawson Massacre Despite these successes, Mexico did not keep an occupying force in Texas, and the republic survived.lt;/ref> The republics inability to defend itself added momentum to Texass eventual annexation into the United States.

Statehood

As early as 1837, the Republic made several attempts to negotiate annexation with the United States.Richard Bruce Winders, http://books.google.com/books?idmcc9EciebFYC&printsecfrontcover Crisis in the Southwest: The United States, Mexico, and the Struggle over Texas (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), p. 41. Opposition within the republic from the nationalist faction, along with strong Abolitionism#United States opposition within the United States, slowed Texass admission into the Union. Texas was finally Texas Annexation when the expansionist James K. Polk won the United States presidential election, 1844 On December 29, 1845, United States Congress admitted Texas to the U.S. as a constituent U.S. State of the Union.lt;/ref> After Texass annexation, Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States. While the United States claimed that Texass border stretched to the Rio Grande, Mexico claimed it was the Nueces River While the former Republic of Texas could not enforce its border claims, the United States had the military strength and the political will to do so. President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor south to the Rio Grande on January 13, 1846. A few months later Mexican troops routed an American cavalry patrol in the disputed area in the Thornton Affair starting the Mexican-American War The first battles were fought in Texas: the Siege of Fort Texas Battle of Palo Alto and Battle of Resaca de la Palma After these decisive victories, the United States invaded Mexican territory ending the fighting in Texas.lt;/ref> After a series of United States victories, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the two year war. In return, for United States dollar 8,250,000, Mexico gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, ceded the Mexican Cession in 1848, most of which today is called the American Southwest, and Texass borders were established at the Rio Grande. The Compromise of 1850 set Texass boundaries at their present form. Texas ceded its claims to land which later became half of present day New Mexico a third of Colorado and small portions of Kansas Oklahoma and Wyoming to the federal government, in return for the assumption of $10 million of the old republics debt.lt;/ref> Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state.lt;/ref>

Civil War and Reconstruction

Image:Glory to the defeated - dignified resignation.jpg ] Texas was at war again after the United States presidential election, 1860 Abraham Lincoln s election triggered South Carolinas declaration of secession from the Union. A State Convention considering secession opened in Austin on January 28, 1861. On February 1, by a vote of 166–8, the Convention adopted an Ordinance of Secession from the United States. Texas voters approved this Ordinance on February 23, 1861. Texas joined the Confederate States of America, ratifying the permanent Confederate States Constitution on March 23, 1861.lt;/ref> Not all Texans favored secession initially, although many of the same would later support the Southern cause. Texass most notable Union (American Civil War) was the state Governor, Sam Houston. Not wanting to aggravate the situation further, Houston refused two offers from President Lincoln for Union troops to keep him in office. After refusing to swear an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, Houston was deposed as governor.Accessed January 14, 2009 While far from the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War of the American Civil War Texas contributed large numbers of men and equipment to the rest of the Confederacy.Accessed January 14, 2009 Union troops briefly First Battle of Galveston the states primary port, Galveston. Texass border with Mexico was known as the "backdoor of the Confederacy" because trade occurred at the border, bypassing the Union blockade.lt;/ref> The Confederacy repulsed all Union attempts to shut down this route, but Texass role as a supply state was marginalized in mid-1863 after the Union capture of the Mississippi River The Battle of Palmito Ranch was fought near Brownsville Texas at Palmito Ranch Battlefield lt;ref name"BattlePR">lt;/ref> with a confederate victory. Texas descended into anarchy for two months between the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse of the Army of Northern Virginia and the assumption of authority by Union General Gordon Granger Violence marked the early months of Reconstruction era of the United States lt;/ref> Juneteenth commemorates the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Galveston by General Gordon Granger, over two and a half years after the original announcement.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> President Johnson, in 1866, declared the civilian government restored in Texas.lt;/ref> Despite not meeting reconstruction requirements, Congress readmitted Texas into the United States in 1870. Social volatility continued as the state struggled with agricultural depression and labor issues.lt;/ref>

20th century to Present

Image:Lucas gusher.jpg On January 10, 1901, the first major oil well in Texas, Spindletop was found south of Beaumont, Texas Other fields were later discovered nearby in East Texas Oil Field West Texas and under the Gulf of Mexico The resulting "Texas Oil Boom transformed Texas.lt;/ref> Oil production eventually averaged three million barrels per day at its peak in 1972.lt;/ref> The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl dealt a double blow to the states economy, which had significantly improved since the Civil War. Migrants abandoned the worst hit sections of Texas during the Dust Bowl years. Especially from this period on, blacks left Texas in the Great Migration (African American) to get work in the Northern United States or California and to escape the oppression of segregation. 2008-04-27 World War II had a dramatic impact on Texas, as federal money poured in to build military bases, munitions factories, POW detention camps and Army hospitals; 750,000 young men left for service; the cities exploded with new industry; the colleges took on new roles; and hundreds of thousands of poor farmers left for much better paying war jobs, never to return to agriculture.James Ward Lee, et al., eds. Texas Goes to War: 1941(1991); Louis Fairchild and Thomas L. Charlton, eds. They Called It the War Effort: Oral Histories from World War II Orange, Texas(1993) provides primary sources. Texas modernized and expanded its Education in Texas#Public colleges and universities through the 1960s. The state created a comprehensive plan for higher education, funded in large part by oil revenues, and a central state apparatus designed to manage state institutions more efficiently. These changes helped Texas universities receive federal research funds.Blanton, Carlos Kevin. "The Campus and the Capitol: John B. Connally and the Struggle over Texas Higher Education Policy, 1950–1970" Southwestern Historical Quarterly2005 108(4): 468–497. ISSN 0038–478X On November 22, 1963, president John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.William L. Rivers and B. Greenberg, eds. Kennedy Assassination and the American Public: Social Communication in Crisis(1977) p. 187

Geography

Image:Stout 2006 GuadalupeMtns.jpg ] Texas is the List of U.S. states and territories by area U.S. state, behind Alaska, with an area of It is 10% List of countries by area France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, though it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst List of the largest country subdivisions by area If it were a country, Texas would be the List of countries by area behind Chile and Zambia. Texas is in the South Central United States part of the United States of America. Three of its border are defined by rivers. The Rio Grande river forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua (state) Coahuila Nuevo León and Tamaulipas to the south. The Red River (Mississippi watershed) forms a natural border with Oklahoma and Arkansas to the north. The Sabine River (Texas-Louisiana) forms a natural border with Louisiana to the east. The Texas Panhandle has an eastern border with Oklahoma at 100th meridian west a northern border with Oklahoma at Parallel 36°30' north and a western border with New Mexico at 103rd meridian west El Paso lies on the states western tip at 32nd parallel north and the Rio Grande. File:Texas Hill Country 187N-2.JPG ] With 10 Köppen climate classification 14 Agricultural soil science and 11 distinct Ecoregion regional classification becomes problematic with differences in soils, topography, geology, rainfall, and plant and animal communities.lt;/ref> One classification system divides Texas, in order southeast to west, into the following: Gulf Coastal Plains Interior Lowlands, Great Plains and Basin and Range Province. The Gulf Coastal Plains region wraps around the Gulf of Mexico on the southeast section of the state. Vegetation in this region consists of thick pineywoods. The Interior Lowlands region consists of gently rolling to hilly forested land is part of a larger pine-hardwood forest. The Great Plains region in central Texas is located in spans through the states Texas Panhandle and Llano Estacado to the states Texas Hill Country near Austin. This region is dominated by prairie and steppe "Far West Texas" or the "Trans-Pecos region is the states Basin and Range Province. The most varied of the regions, this area includes Sand Hills, the Stockton Plateau, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands. Image:Lake Alan Henry.jpg Texas has 3,700 named streams and 15 major rivers.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> The largest of these rivers is the Rio Grande Other major rivers include the Pecos River the Brazos River Colorado River (Texas) and Red River (Mississippi River) which forms the border with Oklahoma. While Texas does not have any large natural lakes, Texans have built over 100 List of lakes in Texas lt;/ref> Texass size and unique history makes its regional affiliation debatable. Depending on the source, it can be fairly considered either or both a Southern or Southwestern state. The vast geographic, economic, and cultural diversity within the state itself prohibits easy categorization of the whole state into a List of regions of the United States The East, Central, and North Texas regions have a stronger association with the Southern United States than with the Southwestern United States Others, such as far West Texas and South Texas share more similarities with the latter.

Geology

Image:LlanoEstacadoShadedRelief.jpg ] Texas is the southernmost part of the Great Plains, which ends in the south against the folded Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. The continental crust forms a stable Mesoproterozoic craton which changes across a broad continental margin and transitional crust into true oceanic crust of the Gulf of Mexico. The oldest rocks in Texas date from the Mesoproterozoic and are about 1,600 million years old. These Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rock underlie most of the state, and are exposed in three places: Llano, Texas uplift, Van Horn, Texas and the Franklin Mountains (Texas) near El Paso. Sedimentary rocks overlay most of these ancient rocks. The oldest sediments were deposited on the flanks of a rifted continental margin, or passive margin that developed during Cambrian time. This margin existed until Laurasia and Gondwana collided in the Pennsylvanian era to form Pangea This is the buried crest of the Appalachian Mountains Ouachita Mountains zone of Pennsylvanian continental collision This orogeny crest is today buried beneath the Dallas–Waco, Texas Austin–San Antonio trend. The late Paleozoic mountains collapsed as rifting in the Jurassic era began to open the Gulf of Mexico. Pangea began to break up in the Triassic but seafloor spreading to form the Gulf of Mexico occurred only in the mid and late Jurassic The shoreline shifted again to the eastern margin of the state and the Gulf of Mexico passive margin began to form. Image:Palo Duro 2002.jpg ] Today to of sediments are buried beneath the Texas continental shelf and a large proportion of remaining US oil reserves are located here. At the start of its formation, the incipient Gulf of Mexico basin was restricted and seawater often evaporated completely to form thick evaporite deposits of Jurassic age. These salt deposits formed salt dome diapir , and are found in East Texas along the Gulf coast.Muzzafar, Asif. Timing of Diapir Growth and Cap Rock Formation, Davis Hill Salt Dome, Coastal Texashttp://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_24852.htm] The Geological Society of America. . Retrieved July 22, 2008. East Texas outcrops consist of Cretaceous and Paleogene sediments which contain important deposits of Eocene lignite The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sediments in the north; Permian sediments in the west; and Cretaceous sediments in the east, along the Gulf coast and out on the Texas continental shelf contain oil. Oligocene volcanic rocks are found in far west Texas in the Big Bend, Texas area. A blanket of Miocene sediments known as the Ogallala Aquifer in the western high plains region is an important aquifer lt;/ref> Located far from an active plate tectonic boundary, Texas has no volcanoes and few earthquakes lt;/ref>

Climate

Image:Map of Texas precipitations.jpg Image:Map of Texas temperatures.jpg The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple Köppen climate classification gives the state highly variable weather. The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters. Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns. El Paso, on the western end of the state, averages as little as of annual rainfall while Houston, on the southeast Texas averages as much as per year.lt;/ref> Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate per year. Snow falls multiple times each winter in the Panhandle and mountainous areas of West Texas, once or twice a year in North Texas, and once every few years in Central and East Texas. Snow rarely falls south of San Antonio or on the coast except in rare circumstances. Of note is the 2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm was the first recorded White Christmas in Houston where 6 inches of snow fell as far south as Kingsville, Texas where the average high temperature in December is 65° Fahrenheit lt;/ref> Maximum temperatures in the summer months average from the 80s °Fahrenheit (26 °Celsius in the mountains of West Texas and on Galveston Island to around in the Rio Grande Valley but most areas of Texas see consistent summer high temperatures in the range. Night time summer temperatures range from the upper 50s °F (14 °C) in the West Texas mountainslt;/ref> to in Galveston.lt;/ref> Thunderstorms strike Texas often, especially the eastern and northern portions of the state. Tornado Alley covers the northern section of Texas. The state experiences the most tornado s in the United States, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle.http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/research/tornado/small/avgt5304.gif nooa.gov] National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved on October 24, 2006. Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in the months of April, May, and June.Accessed 2008-07-22 Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history have impacted Texas. A hurricane in 1875 killed approximately 400 people in Indianola, Texas followed by Indianola Hurricane of 1886 in 1886 that destroyed the town. These events allowed Galveston, Texas to take over as the chief port city. The Galveston hurricane of 1900 subsequently devastated that city killing approximately 8,000 people (possibly as many as 12,000), making it the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history. Other devastating Texas hurricanes include the 1915 Galveston Hurricane Hurricane Audrey in 1957 which killed over 600 people, Hurricane Carla in 1961, Hurricane Beulah in 1967, Hurricane Alicia in 1983, Hurricane Rita in 2005, and Hurricane Ike in 2008.lt;/ref> Tropical cyclone have also caused their share of damage: Tropical Storm Allison (1989) in 1989 and again Tropical Storm Allison and Tropical Storm Claudette (1979) in 1979 among them. Texas emits the most greenhouse gas s in the U.S.lt;/ref>lt;/ref>lt;/ref> The state emits nearly 1.5 trillion pounds (680 billion kg) of carbon dioxide annually. As an independent nation, Texas would rank as the worlds seventh-largest producer of greenhouse gases. Causes of the states vast greenhouse gas emissions include the states large number of Fossil fuel power plant and the states refining and manufacturing industries.

Demographics

Image:Texas population map.png As of 2009, the state has an estimated population of 24,782,406, an increase of 1.97% from the prior year and 16.1% since the year 2000.lt;/ref> The states rate of natural increase (births and deaths) since the last census was 1,389,275 people, Immigration to the United States from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 801,576 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 451,910 people. As of 2004, the state had 3.5 million foreign-born residents (15.6 percent of the state population), of which an estimated 1.2 million are Illegal immigration to the United States Texas from 2000–2006 had the fastest growing illegal immigration rate in the nation. In 2010, illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 6.0% of the population. This was the fifth highest percentage of any state in the country.lt;/ref>behind Nevada, Arizona, California, and New Jersey Texass population density is 34.8 persons/km² which is slightly higher than the average List of countries by population density of the US as a whole, at 31 persons/km². In contrast, while Texas and France are similarly sized geographically, the European country has a population density of 110 persons/km². Two-thirds of all Texans live in a major metropolitan area such as Houston. The Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area is the largest in Texas. While Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth largest city in the United States, the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area is considerably larger than that of Houston.

Racial groups and ethnic origins

According to the 2006-2008 American Community Survey the racial and ethnic composition of Texas was the following: * White American 71.4% (Non-Hispanic Whites 47.8%) * Black American 11.5% * Native Americans in the United States 0.5% * Asian American 3.4% * Pacific Islander American 0.1% * Some other race: 11.3% * Multiracial American 1.9% * Hispanic and Latino Americans (of any race): 35.9% White Americans are the racial majority in Texas. However, non-Hispanic whites represent roughly 48% of the population; therefore, Texas is a minority-majority state Just over 17,020,000 Texans are white (both non-Hispanic and Hispanic), and roughly 11.4 million are non-Hispanic whites. German American Irish American and English American are the three largest European ancestry groups in Texas. German Americans make up 11.3% of the population, and number over 2.7 million members. Irish Americans make up 8.2% of the population, and number over 1.9 million members. English Americans make up 7.7% of the population, and number over 1.8 million members. There are roughly 600,000 French American and 472,000 Italian American residing in Texas; these two ethnic groups make up 2.5% and 2.0% of the population respectively. Black Americans are the largest racial minority in Texas. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin make up 11.5% of the population; blacks of non-Hispanic origin form 11.3% of the populace. Black Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin number at roughly 2.7 million individuals. Native Americans are a smaller minority in the state. Native Americans make up 0.5% of Texas population, and number over 118,000 individuals. Native Americans of non-Hispanic origin make up 0.3% of the population, and number over 75,000 individuals. Cherokee Indians made up 0.1% of the population, and numbered over 19,400 members. In contrast, only 583 were identified as Chippewa Asian Americans are a sizable minority group in Texas. Americans of Asian descent form 3.4% of the population, with those of non-Hispanic descent making up 3.3% of the populace. Altogether, they number over 808,000 individuals. Non-Hispanic Asians number over 795,000. Just over 200,000 Indian American make Texas their home. Texas is also home to over 187,000 Vietnamese American and 136,000 Chinese American In addition to 92,000 Filipino American and 62,000 Korean American there are 18,000 Japanese American living in the state. Lastly, over 111,000 people are of other Asian ancestry groups, such as Cambodian American Thai American and Hmong American Americans with origins from the Pacific are the smallest minority in Texas. According to the survey, only 18,000 Texans are Pacific Islanders; 16,400 are of non-Hispanic descent. There are roughly 5,400 Native Hawaiians 5,300 Guamanians, and 6,400 people from other groups. Samoan American were very scant; only 941 people were from this group. Multiracial individuals are also a visible minority in Texas. People of multiracial heritage form 1.9% of the population, and number over 448,000 people. Almost 80,000 Texans claim European and African heritage, and make up 0.3% of the population. People of European and Native American heritage number over 108,800 (close to the number of Native Americans), and make up 0.5% of the population. People of European and Asian heritage number over 57,600, and form just 0.2% of the population. People of African and Native American heritage were even smaller in number (15,300), and make up just 0.1% of the total population. Hispanics and Latinos are the second largest group in Texas after non-Hispanic European American . Over 8.5 million people claim Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This group forms 36% of Texas population. People of Mexican American descent alone number over 7.3 million, and make up 30.7% of the population. Over 104,000 Puerto Ricans in the United States live in the state. Roughly 38,000 Cuban American reside in the state. Over 1.1 million people (4.7% of the population) are of varying Hispanic and Latino ancestries, such as Costa Rican American Venezuelan American and Argentine American http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bmy&-geo_id04000US48&-qr_nameACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_nameACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-_langen&-redoLogfalse&-_sseonhttp://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bmy&-geo_id04000US48&-qr_nameACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name&-_langen&-redoLogfalse German descendants inhabit much of central and southeast-central Texas. Over one-third of Texas residents are of Hispanic origin;lt;/ref> while many have recently arrived, some Tejanos have ancestors with multi-generational ties to 18th century Texas. In addition to the descendants of the states former slave population, many African American college graduates have come to the state for work recently in the New Great Migration http://www.brookings.edu/urban/pubs/20040524_Frey.pdf William H. Frey, "The New Great Migration: Black Americans Return to the South, 1965–2000", May 2004, The Brookings Institution, p.1]. Retrieved March 19, 2008. Recently, the Asian population in Texas has grown—primarily in Houston and Dallas. Other communities with a significantly growing Asian American population is in Austin, Corpus Christi, and the Sharyland area next McAllen, Texas Currently, three federally recognized Native American tribes reside in Texas: the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe, the Kickapoo people Traditional Tribe, and the Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo

Religion

| class"wikitable" style"float:right;" |- !Religionhttp://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm#StateFaith American Religious Identification Survey], 2001 ! |- |Roman Catholic |28% |- |Baptist |21% |- |Irreligion |11% |- |Methodist |8% |- |Christian - Others |7% |- |Lutheran |3% |- |Pentecostal |3% |- |Presbyterian |2% |- |Non-denominational |2% |- |The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |2% |- |Episcopal Church (United States) |1% |- |Islam |1% |- |Jehovah's Witnesses |1% |- |Assemblies of God |1% |- |Church of God |1% |- |Other |2% |} Image:Lakewood1.jpg The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2000 were the Roman Catholic Church with 4,368,969; the Southern Baptist Convention with 3,519,459; and the United Methodist Church with 1,022,342.lt;/ref> Known as the "buckle" of the Bible Belt East Texas is socially conservative.lt;/ref> Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas is home to three major evangelical seminaries and a host of monasteries. Lakewood Church in Houston, boasts the largest attendance in the nation averaging more than 43,000 weekly.lt;/ref> Lubbock, Texas according to local lore, has the most churches per capita in the nation. Adherents of many non-Christian religions reside predominantly in the urban centers of Texas. Approximately 400,000 Muslims live in Texas lt;/ref> while the Judaism population stands at around 128,000.lt;/ref> Approximately 146,000 adherents of non-Abrahamic religions such as Hinduism and Sikhism live in Texas.Lindsey, William D.; Silk, Mark : [http://books.google.com/books?id=NjdrZ4m_BK8C Religion and public life in the southern crossroads: showdown states] Altamira Press, 2004, pg. 48

Cities and towns

Image:Houstontexas1danielarizpe.jpg thumb|left|Houston ] The state has three cities with populations exceeding one million: Houston, San Antonio, and Dallas.lt;/ref> These three rank among the 10 most populous cities of the United States. As of 2000, six Texas cities had populations greater than 500,000 people. Austin, Fort Worth, and El Paso are among the 25 List of United States cities by population Texas has four List of Texas metropolitan areas with populations greater than a million: and The Dallas–Fort Worth and Houston metropolitan areas number about 6.3 million and 5.7 million residents, respectively. Three Interstate Highway System ndash}} Interstate 35 (Texas) to the west (Dallas–Fort Worth to San Antonio, with Austin in between), Interstate 45 (Texas) to the east (Dallas to Houston), and Interstate 10 (Texas) to the south (San Antonio to Houston) define the Texas Urban Triangle region. The region of contains most of the states largest cities and metropolitan areas as well as 17 million people, nearly 75 percent of Texass total population.lt;/ref> Dallas and Houston have been recognized as beta global city lt;/ref> In contrast to the cities, unincorporated rural settlements known as colonia (border settlement) often lack basic infrastructure and are marked by poverty lt;/ref> As of 2007, Texas had at least 2,294 colonias, located primarily along the states border with Mexico. Texas has the largest concentration of people, approximately 400,000, living in colonias. Image:AustinWikiPic2.jpg|Austin Image:Xvixionx 29 April 2006 Dallas Skyline.jpg|Dallas File:FortWorthTexasSkylineW.jpg|Fort Worth Image:Downtown-san-antonio.jpeg|San Antonio

Government and politics

The current Texas Constitution was adopted in 1876. Like many State constitution (United States) it explicitly provides for a separation of powers. The states Bill of Rights is much larger than its United States Bill of Rights and has provisions unique to Texas.lt;/ref>

State government

Image:Texas State Capitol Summer 2005.jpg ] Texas has a plural executive branch system limiting the power of the Governor. Except for the Secretary of State of Texas voters elect executive officers independently making candidates directly answerable to the public, not the Governor.lt;/ref> This election system has led to some executive branches split between parties. When Republican Party (United States) President George W. Bush served as Texass governor, the state had a Democratic Party (United States) Lieutenant Governor, Bob Bullock The executive branch positions consist of the List of Governors of Texas Lieutenant Governor of Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Land Commissioner, Attorney General, Agriculture Commissioner, the three-member Texas Railroad Commission the State Board of Education, and the Secretary of State. The bicameral Texas Legislature consists of the Texas House of Representatives with 150 members, and a Texas Senate with 31 members. The Speaker of the House leads the House, and the Lieutenant Governor, the Senate.lt;/ref> The Legislature meets in regular session biennially, but the Governor can call for special sessions as often as desired.lt;/ref> The states fiscal year spans from the previous calendar years September 1 to the current years August 31. Thus, the FY dates from September 1, through August 31, The Texas judicial system is one of the most complex in the United States, with many layers and overlapping jurisdictions. Texas has two courts of last resort: the Texas Supreme Court for civil cases, and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Except for some municipal benches, partisan elections select judges at all levels of the judiciary; the Governor fills vacancies by appointment.lt;/ref> Texas leads the nation in executions– 442 as of October 2009 (see Capital punishment in Texas . The Texas Ranger Division of the Texas Department of Public Safety is a police with statewide jurisdiction Over the years, the Texas Rangers have investigated crimes ranging from murder to political corruption They have acted as riot police and as detectives, protected the Texas governor, tracked down fugitives, and functioned as a paramilitary force both for the republic and the state. The Texas Rangers were unofficially created by Stephen F. Austin in 1823 and formally constituted in 1835. The Rangers were part of several important events of Texas history and some of the best-known criminal cases in the history of the American Old West Retrieved January 14, 2009.

Politics

Image:Lbj2.jpg Texan and 36th president of the United States]] As in other "Solid South states, whites resented the Republican Party after the American Civil War, and the Democratic Party dominated Politics of Texas from the end of Reconstruction era of the United States until the late 20th century. When President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 he reportedly said "We have lost the South for a generation".lt;/ref> The Texas political atmosphere leans towards fiscal conservatism and social conservatism lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Since 1980, most Texas voters have supported Republican presidential candidates. In 2000 and 2004, Republican George W. Bush won Texas with 60.1% of the vote, partly due to his "favorite son" status as a former Governor of the state. John McCain won the state in United States presidential election, 2008 but with a smaller margin of victory compared to Bush at 55% of the vote. Austin consistently leans Democratic in both local and statewide elections. Houston, Texas San Antonio, Texas and Dallas, Texas remain approximately split. Counties along the Rio Grande generally vote for Democrats, while most rural and suburban areas of Texas vote Republican.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> The 2003 Texas redistricting of Congressional districts led by the Republican Tom Delay was called by the New York Times"an extreme case of partisan gerrymandering .lt;/ref> A group of Democratic legislators, the "Texas Eleven , fled the state in a quorum effort.lt;/ref> Despite these efforts, the legislature passed a map heavily in favor of Republicans. Protests of the redistricting reached the national Supreme Court of the United States in the case [[League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry]] but the ruling went in the Republicans favor.lt;/ref> As of the United States general elections, 2008 a large majority of the members of Texass U.S. House of Representatives delegation are Republican, along with both U.S. Senators In the 111th United States Congress of the 32 Texas Congressional Districts 20 are held by Republicans and 12 by Democrats. Texass Senators are Kay Bailey Hutchison and John Cornyn Since 1994, Texans have not elected a Democrat to a statewide office. The states Democratic presence comes primarily from some minority groups and urban voters, particularly in El Paso, Austin, San Antonio, Dallas, and Houston.

Administrative divisions

Texas has 254 Counties of the United States the most nationwide. Each county runs on Commissioners' Court system consisting of four elected commissioners (one from each of four precincts in the county, roughly divided according to population) and a county judge elected at large from the entire county. County government runs similar to a "weak" mayor-council system; the county judge has no veto authority, but votes along with the other commissioners. Although Texas permits cities and counties to enter "interlocal agreements" to share services, the state does not allow consolidated city-county nor does it have metropolitan government . Counties are not granted home rule status; their powers are strictly defined by state law. The state does not have townships areas within a county are either incorporated or unincorporated. Incorporated areas are part of a municipality. The county provides limited services to unincorporated areas. Municipalities are classified either "general law" cities or "home rule".McDonald, John V., "An Analysis of Texas Municipal Home Rule Charters Since 1994" (2000). Applied Research Projects. Paper 124. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/124/ A municipality may elect home rule status once it exceeds 5,000 population with voter approval. Municipal elections are nonpartisan lt;ref name"reqvote">lt;/ref> as are elections for school boards and community college districts.

Economy

Image:NASA Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory Astronaut Training.jpg ] As of 2008, Texas had a gross domestic product (GSP) of $1.224 trillion, the List of U.S. states by GDP (nominal) in the U.S.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Its GSP is List of countries by GDP (nominal) to the GDP of India or Canada which are ranked 12th and 11th worldwide. Texass economy is the third largest in the world of List of country subdivisions by GDP (nominal) behind California and Tokyo Prefecture Its List of U.S. states by GDP per capita (nominal) in 2007 was $37,083, ranking 22nd in the nation. Texass large population, abundance of natural resources, and diverse population and geography have led to a large and diverse economy. Since oil was discovered, the states economy has reflected the state of the petroleum industry. In recent times, urban centers of the state have increased in size, containing two-thirds of the population in 2005. The states economic growth has led to urban sprawl and its associated symptoms.lt;/ref> As of January 2010, the states unemployment rate is 8.2%.http://www.bls.gov/lau/ Bls.gov]; Local Area Unemployment Statistics Texas has a "low taxes, low services" reputation. According to the Tax Foundation Texans state and local tax burdens rank among the lowest in the nation, 7th lowest nationally; state and local taxes cost $3,580 per capita, or 8.4% of resident incomes.lt;/ref> Texas is one of seven states that lack a state income tax lt;/ref> Instead, the state collects revenue from a state sales tax which is charged at the rate of 6.25%, but local taxing jurisdictions (cities, counties, special purpose districts, and transit authorities) may also impose sales and use tax up to 2% for a total maximum combined rate of 8.25% Texas is a "tax donor state"; in 2005, for every dollar Texans paid to the federal government in Income tax in the United States the state received approximately $0.94 in benefits. In 2004, Site Selection Magazineranked Texas as the most business-friendly state in the nation in part because of the states three-billion-dollar Texas Enterprise Fund lt;/ref> The state holds the most Fortune 500 company headquarters in the United States.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> In 2010, there were 346,000 millionaires in the state, second highest in the nation.Second to Californialt;/ref>

Agriculture and Mining

Image:West Texas Cotton.jpg Texas has the most farms and the highest acreage in the United States.lt;/ref> Texas leads the nation livestock production. Cattle is the states most valuable agricultural product, and the state leads nationally in production of sheep and goat products. Texas leads the nation in production of cotton. The state grows significant amounts of cereal crops and produce. Texas has a large commercial fishing industry. With mineral resources, Texas leads in creating cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel.

Energy

Image:Oil well.jpg Ever since the discovery of oil at Spindletop energy has been a dominant force politically and economically within the state.lt;/ref> According to the Energy Information Administration Texans consume the most energy in the nation per capita and as a whole.lt;/ref> Unlike the rest of the nation, most of Texas is on its own alternating current power grid the Texas Interconnection Despite the California electricity crisis Texas still has a Deregulation of the Texas electricity market electric service. The Railroad Commission of Texas contrary to its name, regulates the states oil industry gas utilities, pipeline safety, safety in the liquefied petroleum gas industry, and surface coal and uranium mining. Until the 1970s, the commission controlled the price of petroleum because of its ability to regulate Texass oil reserves. The founders of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) used the Texas agency as one of their models for petroleum price control.lt;/ref> Image:GreenMountainWindFarm Fluvanna 2004.jpg in the plains of West Texas]] Texas has known petroleum deposits of about which makes up approximately one-fourth of the known U.S. reserves. The states Oil refinery can process of oil a day. The Baytown Refinery in the Houston area is the largest refinery in America. Texas also leads in natural gas production, producing one-fourth of the nations supply. Several List of petroleum companies are based in Texas such as: Conoco-Phillips Exxon-Mobil Halliburton Valero Energy Corporation and Marathon Oil The state is a leader in renewable energy sources; it produces the most wind power in Texas in the nation.lt;/ref> The Roscoe Wind Farm in Roscoe, Texas is the worlds largest wind farm as of October 2009 with a 781.5 megawatt (MW) capacity.lt;/ref> The Energy Information Administration states that the states large agriculture and forestry industries could give Texas an enormous amount biomass for use in biofuels. The state also has the highest solar power potential for development in the nation.

Technology

Image:GodPod.jpg ] With large universities systems coupled with initiatives like the Texas Enterprise Fund and the Texas Emerging Technology Fund a wide array of different high tech industries have developed in Texas. The Austin area is nicknamed the "Silicon Hills" and the north Dallas area the "Silicon Prairie . Texas has the headquarters of many high technology companies, such as Dell Texas Instruments Perot Systems AT&T and Electronic Data Systems (EDS, acquired by Hewlett-Packard, August 2008), as well as the former headquarters of Compaq Computer Corp, which exists today as the largest campus of Hewlett-Packard (headquartered in CA). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration s Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (NASA JSC) located in Southeast Houston, sits as the crown jewel of Texass aeronautics industry. Fort Worth, Texas hosts both Lockheed Martin s Lockheed Martin Aeronautics and Bell Helicopter Textron lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Lockheed builds the F-16 Fighting Falcon the largest Western fighter program, and its successor, the F-35 Lightning II in Fort Worth.lt;/ref>

Commerce

Texass Affluence in the United States stimulates a strong commercial sector consisting of retail, wholesale, banking and insurance, and construction industries. Examples of Fortune 500 companies not based on Texas traditional industries are: AT&T Men's Warehouse Landry's Restaurants Kimberly-Clark Blockbuster Inc. Whole Foods Market and Tenet Healthcare lt;/ref> Nationally, the Dallas–Fort Worth area, home to the Highland Park Village in the United States, has the most shopping malls per capita of any American metropolitan area.lt;/ref> North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) contributes to Mexico, the states largest trading partner, importing a third of the states exports. NAFTA has encouraged the formation of controversial maquiladoras on the Texas/Mexico border.lt;/ref>

Transportation

Image:High Five.jpg in Dallas is a five level interchange.]] Texans have historically had difficulties traversing Texas due to the states large size and rough terrain. Texas has compensated by building both Americas largest highway and railway systems in terms of length, as well as the largest number of airports.lt;/ref> The regulatory authority the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) maintains the states immense highway system, regulates aviation lt;/ref> and public transportation systems.lt;/ref> Located in centrally in North America, the state is an important transportation hub From the Dallas/Fort Worth area, trucks can reach 93% of the nations population within 48 hours, and 37% within 24 hours.lt;/ref> Texas has 33 Special Economic Zone (FTZ), the most in the nation.lt;/ref> In 2004, a combined total of $298 billion of goods passed though Texas FTZs.

Highways

Texans have heavily traveled their freeway since the 1948 opening of the Gulf Freeway in Houston. lt;/ref> As of 2005, of public highway crisscrossed Texas (up from in 1984).lt;/ref> To fund recent growth in the state highways, Texas has 17 toll roads (see List of Toll Roads in the United States#Texas with several additional tollway proposed.lt;/ref> In west Texas, both I-10 and Interstate 20 (Texas) have speed limits of Speed_limits_in_the_United_States#75_mph_and_80_mph_limits the highest in the nation.|publisherFOXNews.com / Associated Press |date2006-05-08 |urlhttp://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,197072,00.html |accessdate2008-05-12}} All federal and state highways in Texas are paved.

Airports

File:Boeing 757-223.jpg ] Texas has the most airports of any state in the nation. Largest in Texas by size and passengers served, Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) is the second largest by area in the United States, and fourth in the world with 18,076 acres.lt;/ref> In traffic, DFW is the busiest in the state and the fourth in the United States,lt;/ref> and sixth worldwide with 26,663,984 passengers annually.lt;/ref> AMR Corporation s American Airlines / American Eagle Airlines the worlds largest airline in total passengers-miles transportedAviation Week and Space Technology, January 15, 2007, p. 349, and passenger fleet size,lt;/ref> uses DFW as its largest and main Airline hub Southwest Airlines also headquartered in Dallas, has its operations currently at Dallas Love Field lt;/ref> It ranks as the largest airline in the United States by number of passengers carried domestically per year and the World's largest airlines#Scheduled domestic passengers carried by number of passengers carried.lt;/ref> Texass second-largest air facility is Houstons George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH) with. It serves as Houston based Continental Airlines s largest hub. IAH offers service to the most Mexican destinations of any U.S. airport.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> The next four largest airports in the state all serve over 4 million passengers annually; they include:Austin-Bergstrom International Airport William P. Hobby Airport San Antonio International Airport and Dallas Love Field The smallest airport in the state to be designated an international airport is Del Rio International Airport File:Fred Hartman Bridge Houston.jpg along the Houston Ship Channel ]

Ports

Over 1,000 seaports dot Texass coast with over of channel (geography) lt;/ref> Ports employ nearly one-million people and handle an average of 317 million metric tons lt;/ref> Texas ports connect with the rest of the U.S. Atlantic seaboard with the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway section of the Intracoastal Waterway The Port of Houston today is the busiest port in the United States in foreign tonnage, second in overall tonnage, and List of world's busiest ports by cargo tonnage worldwide in tonnage.lt;/ref> The Houston Ship Channel currently spans wide by deep by long."Welcome to the Houston-Galveston Navigation Channel Project Online Resource Center" (description), United States Army Corps of Engineers December 2005, http://www.swg.usace.army.mil/items/hgnc/ United States Army Corps of Engineers]

Railroads

Image:METRORail 5.jpg in Houston]] Part of the states Cowboy#Texas tradition originates from Cattle drives in the United States in which wrangler (profession) herded livestock to rail transport in Kansas. The first railroad to operate in Texas was the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway opening in August 1853.lt;/ref> The first railroad to enter Texas from the north, completed in 1872, was the lt;/ref> Since 1911, Texas has led the nation in railroad length. Texas railway length peaked in 1932 at but declined to by 2000. While the Railroad Commission of Texas originally regulated state railroads, in 2005 the state reassigned these duties to TxDOT.lt;/ref> Both Dallas and Houston feature light rail systems. Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) built the first light rail system in the Southwest United States lt;/ref> The Trinity Railway Express (TRE) commuter rail service that links Fort Worth and Dallas is provided by the Fort Worth Transportation Authority (the T) and DART.lt;/ref> In the Austin area Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a commuter rail service known as Capital MetroRail to the northwestern suburbs. The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas (METRO) operates light rail lines in the Houston area. Amtrak provides Texas limited intercity passenger rail service both in size and frequency. Just three scheduled routes serve the state: the daily [[Texas Eagle]] the tri-weekly [[Sunset Limited]] with stops in Texas; and the daily [[Heartland Flyer]]

Culture

File:Mission San Antonio aka Alamo.jpg is one of the most recognized symbols of Texas.]] Historically, Texas culture comes from a blend of Southwestern (Mexican), Southern (Dixie), and Western (frontier) influences. A popular food item, the Burrito#Breakfast burrito draws from all three influences, having a soft flour tortilla wrapped around bacon and scrambled eggs or other hot, cooked fillings. Adding to Texass traditional culture, established in the 18th and 19th centuries, immigration has made Texas a melting pot of cultures from around the world.

Arts

Image:Big Tex.JPG has presided over every State Fair of Texas since 1952]] Houston is one of only five American cities with permanent professional resident companies in all of the major performing arts disciplines: the Houston Grand Opera the Houston Symphony Orchestra the Houston Ballet and The Alley Theatre lt;/ref> Known for the vibrancy of its visual arts and performing arts the Houston Theatre District a 17-block area in the heart of Downtown Houston ranks second in the country in the number of theater seats in a concentrated downtown area, with 12,948 seats for live performances and 1,480 movie seats. Founded in 1892, Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth also called "The Modern", is Texass oldest art museum. Fort Worth also has the Kimbell Art Museum the Amon Carter Museum the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame the Will Rogers Memorial Center and the Bass Performance Hall downtown. The Arts District, Dallas of Downtown Dallas has arts venues such as the Dallas Museum of Art the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center the Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House the Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art and the Nasher Sculpture Center lt;/ref> The Deep Ellum district within Dallas became popular during the 1920s and 1930s as the prime jazz and blues hotspot in the Southern United States. The name Deep Ellum comes from local people pronouncing "Deep Elm" as "Deep Ellum".lt;/ref> Artists such as Blind Lemon Jefferson Robert Johnson (musician) Huddie "Leadbelly Ledbetter, and Bessie Smith played in early Deep Ellum clubs.lt;/ref> Austin, the Music of Austin boasts "more live music venues per capita than such music hotbeds as Nashville, Memphis, Los Angeles, Las Vegas or New York City."lt;/ref> The citys music revolves around the nightclub on 6th Street (Austin) events like the film, music, and multimedia festival South by Southwest the longest-running concert music program on American television, [[Austin City Limits]] and the Austin City Limits Music Festival held in Zilker Park lt;/ref> Since 1980, San Antonio has evolved into the "The Tejano Music Capital Of The World."lt;/ref> The Tejano Music Awards have provided a forum to create greater awareness and appreciation for Tejano music and culture.lt;/ref>

Sports

File:Spurs vs. Lakers.jpg and the Los Angeles Lakers in 2007.]] While American football has long been considered "king" in the state, Texans today enjoy a wide variety of sports.lt;/ref> Texans can cheer for a plethora of professional sports teams. Within the Major North American professional sports leagues Texas has two National Football League teams (the Dallas Cowboys and the Houston Texans , two Major League Baseball teams (the Texas Rangers (baseball) and the Houston Astros , three National Basketball Association teams (the Houston Rockets the San Antonio Spurs and the Dallas Mavericks , and one National Hockey League team (the Dallas Stars . The Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex is one of only U.S. cities with teams from four major sports that hosts sports teams from all the "Big Four" professional leagues. Outside of the "Big Four" leagues, Texas also has one Women's National Basketball Association team (the San Antonio Silver Stars and two Major League Soccer teams (the Houston Dynamo and FC Dallas . College athletics have deep significance in Texas culture, especially American football The state has ten Division I-FBS schools, the most in the nation. Four of the states universities, the Baylor Bears Texas Longhorns Texas A&M Aggies and Texas Tech Red Raiders compete in the Big 12 Conference Also, four of the states schools, the Texas Longhorns the Texas A&M Aggies the TCU Horned Frogs and the SMU Mustangs claim at least one national championship in the sport. According to a survey of Division I-A coaches the College rivalry between the University of Oklahoma and the University of Texas, the Red River Shootout ranks the third best in the nation.lt;/ref> A fierce rivalry, the Lone Star Showdown also exists between the states two largest universities, Texas A&M University and the University of Texas.Image:Lone Star Showdown 2006 McGee on goal-line.jpg ] The TCU Horned Frogs and SMU Mustangs also share a rivalry and compete annually in the Battle for the Iron Skillet The University Interscholastic League (UIL) organizes most primary and secondary school competitions. Events organized by UIL include contests in athletics (the most popular being high school football as well as artistic and academic subjects.lt;/ref> Texans also enjoy the rodeo The worlds first rodeo was hosted in Pecos, Texas lt;/ref> The annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo is the largest rodeo in the world. It begins with trail rides that originate from several points throughout the state that convene at Reliant Park lt;/ref> The Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show in Fort Worth is the oldest continuously running rodeo incorporating many of the states most historic traditions into its annual events. Dallas hosts the State Fair of Texas each year at Fair Park lt;/ref> From 2012 Austin will play host to a round of the Formula 1 World Championshiplt;/ref> - the first at a permanent road circuit in the United States since the 1980 United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen International

Healthcare

The Commonwealth Fund ranks the Texas healthcare system the third worst in the nation.lt;/ref> Texas ranks close to last in access to healthcare, quality of care, avoidable hospital spending, and equity among various groups. Causes of the states poor rankings include politics, a high poverty rate, and the highest rate of illegal immigration in the nation.lt;/ref> In May 2006, Texas initiated the program "code red" in response to the report that the state had 25.1% of the population without health insurance, the largest proportion in the nation.lt;/ref> Texas also has controversial non-economic damages caps for medical malpractice lawsuits, set at $250,000, in an attempt to "curb rising malpractice premiums, and control escalating healthcare costs".lt;/ref> The Trust for America's Health ranked Texas 15th highest in adult obesity with 27.2% of the states population measured as obese.lt;/ref> The 2008 Men's Health (magazine) obesity survey ranked four Texas cities among the top 25 fattest cities in America; Houston ranked 6th, Dallas 7th, El Paso 8th, and Arlington, Texas 14th. lt;/ref> Texas had only one city, Austin, ranked 21st, in the top 25 among the "fittest cities" in America. The same survey has evaluated the states obesity initiatives favorably with a "B+".

Medical research

Image:FlightHoustontoDallas086.jpg Many elite research medical centers are located in Texas. The state has nine List of colleges and universities in Texas#Health science lt;/ref> three dental schools,lt;/ref> and one optometry school.lt;/ref> Texas has two Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories: one at The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston,lt;/ref> and the other at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio—the first privately owned BSL-4 lab in the United States.lt;/ref> The Texas Medical Center in Houston, holds the worlds largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions, with 47 member institutions. lt;/ref> Texas Medical Center performs the most heart transplants in the world.lt;/ref> The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston is a highly regarded academic institution that centers around cancer patient care, research, education and prevention.lt;/ref> San Antonios South Texas Medical Center facilities rank sixth in clinical medicine research impact in the United States.lt;/ref> The UTHSCSA is another highly ranked research and educational institution in San Antonio.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Both the American Heart Association and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center call Dallas home. The Southwestern Medical Center ranks "among the top academic medical centers in the world".lt;/ref> The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School employs the most medical school Nobel laureates in the world.lt;/ref>

Education

The second List of Presidents of the Republic of Texas Mirabeau B. Lamar is the Father of Texas Education During his term, the state set aside three league (unit) of land in each county for equipping public schools. An additional 50 leagues of land set aside for the support of two universities would later become the basis of the states Permanent University Fund lt;/ref> Lamars actions set the foundation for a Texas-wide public school system.Hendrickson (1995), p. 37. Texas ranked 29th in the American Legislative Exchange Council s Report Card on American Education. Texas students ranked higher than average in mathematics, but lower in reading. Between 2006–2007, Texas spent $7,275 per pupil ranking it below the national average of $9,389. The pupil/teacher ratio was 14.9, below the national average of 15.3. Texas paid instructors $41,744, below the national average of $46,593. The state provided 88.0% of the funding for education, the federal government 12.0%.lt;/ref> The Texas Education Agency (TEA) administers the states public school systems. Texas has List of school districts in Texas school district - all districts except the Stafford Municipal School District are independent from municipal government and many cross city boundaries.lt;/ref> School districts have the power to taxation their residents and to assert eminent domain over privately owned property. Due to court-mandated equitable school financing for school districts, the state has a controversial tax redistribution system called the"Robin Hood plan . This plan transfers property tax revenue from wealthy school districts to poor ones.lt;/ref> The TEA has no authority over private school or homeschooling activities.lt;/ref> Students in Texas take the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) in primary education and secondary education TAKS assess students attainment of reading (activity) writing mathematics science and social studies skills required under Texas education standards and the No Child Left Behind Act In spring 2007, Texas legislators replaced the TAKS for freshmen in the 2011–2012 school year and onward with End of Course exams for core high school classes.lt;/ref>

Colleges and universities

Image:Lovett Hall.jpg ] Texass controversial alternative affirmative action plan, Texas House Bill 588 guarantees Texas students who graduated in the percent of their high school class automatic admission to state-funded universities. The bill encourages Multiculturalism while avoiding problems stemming from the [[Hopwood v. Texas]](1996) case. Texas has six state university systems and four independent public universities.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Discovery of minerals on Permanent University Fund land, particularly oil, has helped fund the rapid growth the states largest university systems: University of Texas System and Texas A&M University System The PUF principal in fall 2005 was approximately $15 billion, second in size only to Harvard University s endowment.lt;/ref> The other four university systems are the University of North Texas System and The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University are flagship university of the state of Texas. Both were established by the Texas Constitution and hold stakes in the Permanent University Fund. The state is trying to expand the number of flagship universities by elevating some of its seven emerging research universities. The University of Houston Texas Tech University and University of Texas at Dallas are generally considered in the upper echelon from which the next tier one research flagship university will emerge.lt;/ref>lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Texas has many private institutions ranging from liberal arts colleges to nationally recognized tier one research universities. in Houston is one of the leading teaching and research universities of the United States and is ranked the nations 17th-best overall university by U.S. News & World Reportlt;/ref> Similarly, the relatively small Trinity University (Texas) in San Antonio has been recognized for its elite academics. In its "Americas Best Colleges" ranking, [[U.S. News and World Report]]has ranked Trinity first among universities in the western United States for 17 straight years. Two universities in north Texas, Texas Christian University in Fort Worth and Southern Methodist University in Dallas, have been recognized by [[U.S. News and World Report]]as Tier 1 universities. Due to their proximity and other similarities, Texas Christian University and Southern Methodist University have developed a rivalry in both academics and athletics. The former republic also chartered two private universities: and lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Universities in Texas currently host two presidential library George Bush Presidential Library at Texas A&M University and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum at The University of Texas at Austin. An agreement has been reached to create a third; the George W. Bush Presidential Library at Southern Methodist University.

See also

Footnotes

References

* * originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press * * * * * * * * * * *

External links

;State Government * http://www.texasonline.com/portal/tol The State of Texas] * http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Texas Texas State Databases] - Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Texas state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association * http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu Texas Politics]. An online textbook from the College of Liberal Arts, The University of Texas. ;U.S. Government * http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sidTX Energy Profile for Texas- Economic, environmental, and energy data] * http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?StateTX USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Texas] * http://www.ers.usda.gov/statefacts/TX.htm Texas State Facts] * http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/tx/ South and West Texas, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared HeritageTravel Itinerary] ;Other * * http://www.thestoryoftexas.com/ The Texas State History Museum] * http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/ The Handbook of Texas Online]Published by the Texas State Historical Association * http://texinfo.library.unt.edu/texasregister/default.htm Texas Register, hosted by the University of North Texas Libraries * * http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/tx/ South and West Texas: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary] * http://texasheritagesociety/ Texas Heritage Society] |Southwest |West New Mexico |Northwest New Mexico }} }} Category:Texas Category:States of the United States Category:Hurricane Ike Category:Former Spanish colonies Category:States of the Confederate States of America Category:States and territories established in 1845 af:Texas am:ቴክሳስ ang:Texas ar:تكساس an:Texas frp:Tèxas ast:Texas gn:Texas az:Texas bn:টেক্সাস zh-min-nan:Texas be:Штат Тэхас be-x-old:Тэхас bcl:Texas bi:Texas bar:Texas bs:Texas br:Texas bg:Тексас ca:Texas cv:Техас cs:Texas cy:Texas da:Texas de:Texas nv:Akałii Bikéyah et:Texas el:Τέξας es:Texas eo:Teksaso eu:Texas fa:تگزاس fo:Texas fr:Texas fy:Teksas ga:Texas gv:Texas gd:Texas gl:Texas hak:Tet-khiet-sat-sṳ̂ xal:Теексәс ko:텍사스 주 haw:Kekeka hy:Տեխաս hi:टेक्सास hr:Teksas io:Texas ig:Texas bpy:টেক্সাস id:Texas ie:Texas ik:Texas os:Техас is:Texas it:Texas he:טקסס jv:Texas pam:Texas ka:ტეხასი kk:Техас kw:Teksas sw:Texas ht:Teksas ku:Texas lad:Texas la:Texia lv:Teksasa lb:Texas lt:Teksasas lij:Texas li:Texas lmo:Texas hu:Texas mk:Тексас mg:Texas ml:ടെക്സസ് mi:Texas mr:टेक्सास arz:تكساس ms:Texas mn:Техас nah:Texas nl:Texas (staat) nds-nl:Texas ja:テキサス州 frr:Texas no:Texas nn:Texas oc:Tèxas uz:Texas pap:Teksas pms:Texas nds:Texas pl:Teksas pt:Texas ro:Texas (stat SUA) rm:Texas qu:Texas suyu ru:Техас sah:Техас sco:Texas sq:Texas scn:Texas simple:Texas sk:Texas cu:Тє́ѯасъ sl:Teksas szl:Teksas sr:Тексас sh:Texas fi:Texas sv:Texas tl:Teksas ta:டெக்சஸ் tt:Texas te:టెక్సస్ th:รัฐเทกซัส tg:Техас tr:Teksas uk:Техас ur:ٹیکساس ug:Téksas Shitati vi:Texas vo:Texas war:Texas yi:טעקסעס yo:Texas zh-yue:德州 diq:Texas bat-smg:Teksasos zh:得克萨斯州