Image:Mona Lisa.jpg by Italy painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the world.]] Painting is the practice of applying paint pigment color or other mediumhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint%5B1%5D Merriam-Webster Online] to a surface (support base). The application of the medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other objects may be used. In art the term describes both the act and the result which is called a painting. Paintings may have for their support such surfaces as wall , paper canvas wood glass lacquer clay or concrete. Paintings may be decorated with Gold leaf#Gold leaf and some modern paintings incorporate other materials including sand, clay, and scraps of paper. Painting is a mode of expression and the forms are numerous. Drawing Composition (visual arts) or abstraction and other aesthetics may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscape art , Photography Abstract art be loaded with narrative content, symbol sm, emotion or be Politics in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by Spirituality motifs and ideas; examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting Mythology figures on pottery to Bible scenes rendered on the interior walls and ceiling of Sistine Chapel to scenes from the life of Chinese painting or other scenes of Eastern art history

Overview

Image:Chen Hongshou, leaf album painting.jpg (1598–1652), Leaf album painting(Ming Dynasty .]]"The boundary of things in the second plane will not be discerned like those in the first. Therefore, painter, do not produce boundaries between the first and the second, because the boundary of one object and another is of the nature of a [[line (geometry)|mathematical line]] but not an actual line, in that the boundary of one colour is the start of another colour and is not to be accorded the status of an actual line, because nothing intervenes between the boundary of one colour which is placed against another. Therefore, painter, do not make the boundaries pronounced at a distance."lt;ref nameKemp>Martin Kemp, Leonardo on Painting p. 86–87. What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity. Every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity; by using just color (of the same intensity) one can only represent symbolic shapes. Thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as Geometry figures, various points of view and organization (perspective (graphical) , and symbols. For example, a painter perceives that a particular white wall has different intensity at each point, due to shades and reflections from nearby objects, but Platonic idealism a white wall is still a white wall in pitch darkness. In technical drawing, thickness of line is also ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch (music) and rhythm are of music Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Johann Wolfgang Goethe Wassily Kandinsky Isaac Newton have written their own color theory Moreover the use of language is only a generalisation for a color equivalent. The word "red , for example, can cover a wide range of variations on the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as C (musical note) or C♯ (musical note) in music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like, red, blue, green, brown, etc.). Painters deal practically with pigments, so "blue" for a painter can be any of the blues: phtalocyan, Paris blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological, symbolical meanings of color are not strictly speaking means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music (like "C") is analogous to light in painting, "shades" to Dynamics (music) and coloration is to painting as specific Tone color of musical instruments to music—though these do not necessarily form a melody, but can add different contexts to it.Image:Georges Seurat 066.jpg (1859–91) – Circus Sideshow (1887–88)]] Rhythm is important in painting as well as in music. Rhythm is basically a pause incorporated into a body (sequence). These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations—form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form, or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art and it directly affects the esthetical value of that work. This is because the esthetical value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of "techne", directly contributes to the esthetical value. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, for example, collage which began with Cubism and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand cement straw or wood for their Texture (painting) Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer (There is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop Corel Painter and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required.) In 1829, the first photograph was produced. From the mid to late 19th century, photography processes improved and, as it became more widespread, painting lost much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. There began a series of art movements into the 20th century where the Renaissance view of the world was steadily eroded, through Impressionism Post-Impressionism Fauvism Expressionism Cubism and Dada sm. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of stylization and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time. Modern Art and Contemporary Art has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of concept this led some to say in the 1960s that painting, as a serious art form, is dead. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century belies the premature declarations of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of Cultural pluralism there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Important works of art continue to be made in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic temperaments, the marketplace being left to judge merit. Among the continuing and current directions in painting at the beginning of the 21st century are Monochrome painting Hard-edge painting Geometric abstraction Appropriation (art) Hyperrealism Photorealism Expressionism Minimalism Lyrical Abstraction Pop Art Op Art Abstract Expressionism Color Field painting Neo-expressionism Collage Intermedia painting, Assemblage painting, Computer art painting, Postmodern painting, Neo-Dada painting, Shaped canvas painting, environmental mural painting traditional figure painting, Landscape painting Portrait painting and paint-on-glass animation

History of painting

Image:Lascaux-aurochs.jpg France prehistoric art ] The oldest known paintings are at the Grotte Chauvet in France claimed by some historians to be about 32,000 years old. They are engraved and painted using red ochre and black pigment and show horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo, mammoth or humans often hunting. However the earliest evidence of painting has been discovered in two rock-shelters in Arnhem Land in northern Australia. In the lowest layer of material at these sites there are used pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years old. Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a limestone rock-shelter in the Kimberley (Western Australia) region of North-Western Australia, that is dated 40 000 years old. http://www.aboriginalartonline.com/art/rockage.php] There are examples of cave painting all over the world—in France Spain Portugal China Australia India etc. In Western cultures oil painting and watercolor painting are the best known media, with rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, ink and color ink historically predominated the choice of media with equally rich and complex traditions.

Aesthetics and theory of painting

Image:Formella 18, apelle o la pittura, nino pisano, 1334-1336 dettaglio 01.JPG in Florence Italy Nino Pisano 1334–1336]] Aesthetics is the study of art and beauty it was an important issue for such 18th and 19th century philosophers as Kant or Hegel Classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle also theorized about art and painting in particular; Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his philosophical system; he maintained that painting cannot depict the truth it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a craft similar to shoemaking or iron casting. By the time of Leonardo painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in Ancient Greece Leonardo da Vinci on the contrary, said that "Pittura est cousa mentale" (painting is a thing of the mind). Kant distinguished between Beauty and the Sublime (philosophy) in terms that clearly gave priority to the former. Although he did not refer particularly to painting, this concept was taken up by painters such as Joseph Mallord William Turner and Caspar David Friedrich Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and in his aesthetic essay wrote that Painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with Poetry and Music for its symbol c, highly intellectual purpose.http://books.google.com/books?id5m5z_ca-qDkC&pgPA276&lpgPA276&dqhegel+three+romantic+arts+painting+poetry+music&sourcebl&otsa2CrMVe65v&sig3unWnE0hYbgHXDbsNfrb96fmZvk&hlen&ei1uY_S_ioFZO1lAf_se2UBw&saX&oibook_result&ctresult&resnum7&ved0CCEQ6AEwBjgK#vonepage&qhegel%20three%20romantic%20arts%20painting%20poetry%20music&ffalse Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal, page 278. Routledge, 1998.]"Painting and music are the specially romantic arts. Lastly, as a union of painting and music comes poetry, where the sensuous element is more than ever subordinate to the spirit." http://www.hegel.net/en/eb1911.htm#331 Excerpted from Encyclopedia Britannica 1911] Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include Kandinsky and Paul Klee Marcel Franciscono Paul Klee: His Work and Thought part 6 The Bauhaus and Dusseldorf, chap. Klees theory courses, p. 246 and under notes to pages 245-54 p.365Moshe Barasch (2000) [http://books.google.ie/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C Theories of art - from impressionism to Kandinsky] part IV Abstract art, chap. Color pp.332-3 Kandinsky in his essay maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches primary colors to essential feelings or concepts, something that Goethe and other writers had already tried to do. Iconography is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. Erwin Panofsky and other art historian first seek to understand the things depicted, then their meaning for the viewer at the time, and then analyse their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning. In 1890, the Parisian painter Maurice Denis famously asserted: "Remember that a painting – before being a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other – is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order."http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/abstract_art.html Encyclopedia Encarta Thus, many twentieth century developments in painting, such as Cubism were reflections on the means of painting rather than on the external world, nature which had previously been its core subject. Recent contributions to thinking about painting has been offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book What is Painting? Bell discusses the development, through history, of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas.http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp Review by art historian David Cohen, artnet.com] In Mirror of The WorldBell writes: ‘A work of art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed: a history of art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination.’lt;ref>http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n23/peter-campbell/global-moods London Review of Books, 29 November 2007.]

Painting media

Image:Honoré Daumier 008.jpg (1808–79) – The Painter ]] Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as viscosity miscibility solubility drying time, etc. Examples include: | |- |width50% valign"Top"| *Acrylic paint *Pastel *Enamel paint *Encaustic Painting (wax) *Fresco *Gouache *Ink |width50% valign"Top"| *Laser *Oil painting *Pastel *Spray paint (Graffiti *Tempera *Water miscible oil paint *Watercolor |}

Painting styles

Styleis used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques and methods that typify an individualartists work. It can also refer to the Art movement or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word style in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following:

Western

| width100% |- |width33% valign"Top"| *Abstract art *Abstract Expressionism *Abstract figurative *Action painting *Outsider Art *Art Deco *Baroque *Body painting *CoBrA *Constructivism (art) *Cubism *Digital painting *Expressionism *Fauvism *Figuration Libre *Folk art *Futurism |width33% valign"Top"| *Graffiti *Hard-edge *Hyperrealism (painting) *Impressionism *Lyrical Abstraction *Mannerism *Minimalism *Miniature (illuminated manuscript) *Modernism *Naïve art *Neo-classicism *Op art *Orientalism *Orphism (art) *Outsider art *Painterly *Photorealism *Pinstriping |width50% valign"Top"| *Contemporary art *Pointillism *Pop art *Post-painterly Abstraction *Postmodern art *Precisionism *Primitive art *realism (arts) *Regionalism (art) *Rococo *Romantic realism *Romanticism *Socialist realism *Street Art *Superstroke *Stuckism *Surrealism *Tachism *Tonalism |}

Far eastern

*[[Chinese painting|Chinese]] **Tang Dynasty painting **Ming Dynasty painting **Shan shui **Ink and wash painting **Bird-and-flower painting **Southern School ***Zhe school (painting) ***Wu School **History_of_Chinese_art#Contemporary_Art *[[Japanese painting|Japanese]] **Yamato-e **Rimpa school **Emakimono **Kanō school **Shijō school **Superflat *[[Korean painting|Korean]]

Islamic/Persian / Near eastern

*Ottoman miniature *Persian miniature

Indian

*Mysore painting *Tanjore painting *Madhubani art *Rajput painting *Mughal painting *Bengal school of art *Samikshavad

African

Contemporary Art

| width"100%" align"center" border"0" cellpadding"0" cellspacing"0" style"border: 0px solid #E5FFEC; background-color: ##E5FFEC" |- | valign"top" width"17%" |

1950s

* Abstract Expressionism * American Figurative Expressionism * Bay Area Figurative Movement * Lyrical Abstraction * New York Figurative Expressionism * New York School | valign"top" width"16%" |

1960s

* Abstract expressionism * American Figurative Expressionism * Abstract Imagists * Bay Area Figurative Movement * Color field * Computer art * Conceptual art * Fluxus * Happening * Hard-edge painting * Lyrical Abstraction * Minimalism * Neo-Dada * New York School * Nouveau Réalisme * Op Art * Performance art * Pop Art * Postminimalism * Washington Color School * Kinetic art | valign"top" width"16%" |

1970s

* Arte Povera * Ascii Art * Bad Painting * Body art * Artist's book * Feminist art * Installation art * Land Art * Lowbrow (art movement) * Photorealism * Postminimalism * Process Art * Video art * Funk art * Pattern and Decoration | valign"top" width"16%" |

1980s

* Appropriation art * Culture jamming * Demoscene * Electronic art * Figuration Libre * Graffiti Art * Live Art (art form) * Mail art * Postmodern art * Neo-conceptual art * Neo-expressionism * Neo-pop * Sound art * Transgressive art * Transhumanist Art * Video installation * Institutional Critique | valign"top" width"16%" |

1990s

* Bio art * Cyberarts * Cynical Realism * Digital Art * Information art * Internet art * Massurrealism * Maximalism * New media art * Software art * New European Painting * Young British Artists | valign"top" width"16%" |

2000s

* Classical realism * Relational art * Street art * Stuckism * Superflat * Videogame art * Superstroke * VJ (video performance artist) * Virtual art |}

Common painting idioms

Image:Music in Paint.gif ]]

Painting idioms include

*[[Allegory]] *[[Bodegón]] *[[Body painting]] *[[Botanical]] *[[Figure painting]] *[[Illustration]] *[[Industry|Industrial]] *[[Landscape painting|Landscape]] *[[Portrait]] *[[Still life]] *[[Veduta]]

Some other painting terms are

{| width

00% |- |width33% valign"Top"| *Altarpiece *Cartoon *Chiaroscuro *Composition (visual arts) *Contour rivalry *Drybrush *Easel *Foreshortening *Four-dimensional painting *Genre *Halo (optical phenomenon) |width33% valign"Top"| *Highlights *History painting *Imprimatura *Landscape art *Licked finish *Madonna (art) *Maulstick *Portrait miniature *Mural *Palette (painting) *Panel painting |width33% valign"Top"| *Perspective (graphical) *pieta *Plein Air *Portrait *Sfumato *Stippling *wikt:technique *Trompe l'oeil *Underpainting *Varnish *Wet-on-wet |}

See also

Image:Malevich.black-square.jpg Black Square, 1913]]

References

Bibliography

*http://www.kessinger.net/searchresults-orderthebook.php?ISBN1417948353 A Treatise on Painting by Leonardo da Vinci (Kessinger Publishing)] *Leone Battista Alberti De Pictura (On Painting), 1435. http://www.noteaccess.com/Texts/Alberti/ On Painting, in English], http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/a/alberti/de_pictura/html/depictur.htm De Pictura, in Latin] *Max Doerner – http://www.amazon.com/Materials-Artist-Their-Use-Painting/dp/015657716X The Materials of the Artist and Their Use in Painting: With Notes on the Techniques of the Old Masters] *http://store.doverpublications.com/0486234118.html Kandinsky - Concerning the Spiritual in Art (Dover Publications)] *http://www.phaidon.com/Default.aspx/Web/the-journal-of-eugene-delacroix-9780714833590 The Journal of Eugene Delacroix (Phaidon Press)] *http://us.penguinclassics.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780140446746,00.html The Letters of Vincent van Gogh (Penguin Classics)]

Further reading

*Daniel, H., (1971) "Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting; Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical. New York, Harry N. Abrams Inc. Category:Painting Category:Painting techniques af:Skilderkuns am:ስዕል an:Pintura ast:Pintura be:Жывапіс be-x-old:Жывапіс bo:རི་མོ། bs:Slikarstvo br:Livouriezh bg:Живопис ca:Pintura cs:Malířství co:Pintura cy:Paentio da:Maleri de:Malerei et:Maalikunst el:Ζωγραφική es:Pintura eo:Pentrado eu:Margolaritza fa:نقاشی fr:Peinture ga:Péintéireacht gv:Peintal gl:Pintura gan:畫畫 ko:회화 hy:Գեղանկարչություն hi:चित्रकला hr:Slikarstvo io:Pikto id:Lukisan ia:Pictura is:Málverk it:Pittura he:ציור kn:ಚಿತ್ರಕಲೆ sw:Uchoraji la:Pictura lv:Glezniecība lb:Molerei lt:Tapyba li:Sjilderkuns jbo:cintylarcu lmo:Pittura hu:Festőművészet mg:Hosodoko ml:ചിത്രകല mr:चित्रकार arz:رسم ms:Seni lukis mwl:Pintura nl:Schilderkunst ja:絵画 nap:Pittura no:Malerkunst nn:Målarkunst oc:Pintura nds:Billers pl:Malarstwo pt:Pintura ro:Pictură qu:Llimphiy ru:Живопись simple:Painting sl:Slikarstvo sr:Сликарство fi:Maalaus sv:Målarkonst ta:ஓவியக் கலை th:จิตรกรรม tg:Наққошӣ tr:Resim uk:Живопис vec:Pitura vi:Hội họa wa:Pondeure war:Pintura bat-smg:Tapība zh:绘画 vi:tranh