lt;/ref> | LargestCity Columbus, Ohio lt;ref name"CITY" /> | LargestMetro Greater Cleveland Greater Cincinnati lt;ref>According to the U.S. Census http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/CBSA-est2007-annual.html July 2007 Annual Estimate], Greater Cleveland is the largest Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSMA) that is entirely withinOhio, with a population of 2,096,471; and Greater Cincinnati is the largest MSMA that is at least partiallywithin Ohio, with a a population of 2,133,678, approximately 25% of which is in Indiana or Kentucky. Which MSMA is the largest in Ohiodepends on the context. | Demonym Ohioan; Buckeye (colloq.) | Governor Ted Strickland lt;ref name"GOV" /> (D) | Lieutenant Governor Lee Fisher lt;ref name"LEE" /> (D)lt;/ref> | Legislature Ohio General Assembly | Upperhouse Ohio Senate | Lowerhouse Ohio House of Representatives |Senators George Voinovich lt;ref name"GEORGE">lt;/ref> (R)
Sherrod Brown lt;ref name"SHERROD">lt;/ref> (D) |Representative10 Democrats, 8 Republicans | PostalAbbreviation OHlt;/ref> | OfficialLang None. (English language de facto | AreaRank 34^th | TotalAreaUS 44,825 | TotalArea 116,096 | LandAreaUS 40,986 | LandArea 106,154 | WaterAreaUS 3,878 | WaterArea 10,044 | PCWater 8.7 | PopRank 7^thlt;/ref> | 2000Pop (old) 11,353,140 | 2000Pop 11,542,645 (2009 est.)lt;/ref> | DensityRank 9th | 2000DensityUS 256.2 | 2000Density 98.9 | AdmittanceOrder 17^th,
declared retroactively on
August 7, 1953lt;/ref> | AdmittanceDate March 1, 1803 | TimeZone Eastern Standard Time Zone UTC 5/Daylight saving time | Latitude 38° 24′ N to 41° 59′ N | Longitude 80° 31′ W to 84° 49′ W | WidthUS 220 | Width 355 | LengthUS 220 | Length 355 | HighestPoint Campbell Hill, Ohio lt;ref name"usgs">lt;/ref> | HighestElevUS 1,550 | HighestElev 472 | MeanElevUS 853 | MeanElev 260 | LowestPoint Ohio River lt;ref name"usgs" /> | LowestElevUS 455 | LowestElev 139 | ISOCode US-OH | Website www.ohio.gov }} Ohio is a Midwestern U.S. state in the United States.lt;/ref> The 34th largest state by area in the U.S., lt;/ref> it is the 7th-most populous with nearly 11.5 million residents. lt;/ref> The states capital is Columbus, Ohio The Anglicisation name Ohio comes from the Iroquois language word ohi-yo’ meaning great river.lt;/ref>Mithun (1999), p. 312lt;/ref>lt;/ref>lt;/ref> The state, originally partitioned from the Northwest Territory was admitted to the Union as the 17th state (and the first under the Northwest Ordinance on March 1, 1803.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Although there are conflicting narratives regarding the origin of the nickname, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State (relating to the Aesculus glabra and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes.lt;/ref> The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor of Ohio the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court of Ohio Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives lt;/ref> Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state lt;ref name"Bell" /> and a bellwether lt;ref name"Bell">lt;/ref> in national elections. The population density of Ohio ranks ninth among all U.S. states.lt;/ref> Nonetheless, Ohio currently has a negative net human migration lt;/ref> and an increasing rate of unemployment.lt;/ref>

Geography

Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity.http://web.archive.org/web/20080124091721/http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp "Transportation delivers for Ohio"], Ohio Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 22, 2005. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles (502 km) of coastline,http://www.ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx "Ohio Coastal Counties"], Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved September 3, 2008. which allows for numerous seaports. Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River (with the border being at the 1793 low-water mark on the north side of the river), and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, and West Virginia on the southeast. Ohios borders were defined by metes and bounds in the Enabling Act of 1802 as follows: File:DSCN4516 portconneautflag e.jpg ]] Note that Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by Virginia (which, at that time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of the river as it existed in 1792.http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?courtus&vol444&invol335 Ohio v. Kentucky, 444 U.S. 335 (1980) Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark. The border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the glaciated Allegheny Plateau and then by another belt known as the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau Appalachian Ohio File:Geographic regions ohio.svg The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West Northern Panhandle of West Virginia to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct Socioeconomics unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this areas coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region."http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId7 "History of the Appalachian Regional Commission"], Appalachian Regional Commission Retrieved January 3, 2006. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId27 "Counties in Appalachia"], Appalachian Regional Commission. Retrieved January 3, 2006. While 1/3 of Ohios land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476 million people.)http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bmy&-geo_id04000US39&-_box_head_nbrGCT-T1&-ds_namePEP_2005_EST&-_langen&-redoLogfalse&-formatST-2&-mt_namePEP_2005_EST_GCTT1_ST2&-_sseon "GCT-T1 Ohio County Population Estimates--2005"], The United States Census Bureau, retrieved January 3, 2006. True summation of Ohio Appalachia counties population (1,476,384) obtained by adding the 29 individual county populations together (July 1, 2005 data). Percentage obtained by dividing that number into that tables estimate of Ohio population as of July 1, 2005 (11,464,042) File:Map of Ohio NA.png Significant List of lakes in Ohio within the state include the Cuyahoga River Great Miami River Maumee River Muskingum River and Scioto River The rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the Gulf of Mexico via the Ohio River and then the Mississippi River The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood the entire Miami River dn}} watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of Dayton, Ohio As a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.lt;/ref> Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canal in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles (52 km²), was the largest artificial lake in the world. It should be noted that :Category:Canals in Ohio were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.

Climate

The climate of Ohio is a humid continental climate (Koppen climate classification Dfa throughout most of the state except in the extreme southern counties of Ohios Bluegrass region section which are located on the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate and Upland South region of the United States. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold. Precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round. Severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer tornado reports in Ohio than in states located in what is known as the Tornado Alley Severe lake effect snow torms are also not uncommon on the southeast shore of Lake Erie which is located in an area designated as the Snowbelt Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna does reach well into Ohio. For instance, a number of trees with more southern ranges, such as the blackjack oak Quercus marilandica are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of the Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate several plants such as the Southern magnolia ([[Magnolia grandiflora]]) Albizia julibrissin (mimosa), Crape Myrtle and even the occasional Needle Palm are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the Bluegrass region of Ohio; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the State. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on Interstate 75 from Cincinnati to Toledo, Ohio the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnatis common wall lizard one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio.

Records

The highest recorded temperature was 113 °Fahrenheit (45 °Celsius , near Gallipolis, Ohio on July 21, 1934. lt;/ref> The lowest recorded temperature was -39 °Fahrenheit (-39 °Celsius , at Milligan, Ohio on February 10, 1899. lt;/ref>

Earthquakes

Although few have registered as noticeable to the average citizen, More than 30 earthquakes occurred in Ohio between 2002 and 2007, and more than 200 quakes with a Richter magnitude scale of 2.0 or higher have occurred since 1776.http://ohiodnr.com/Default.aspx?tabid18276&EntryID74 ODNR Updates Ohio Earthquake Map to Reflect Statewide Seismic Activity Since 2002 (news release)], Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey (September 18, 2007) The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the Anna, Ohio (Shelby County) earthquake,Ohio Seismic Network, http://www.ohiodnr.com/geosurvey/faq/biggest/tabid/8315/Default.aspx What was the biggest earthquake in Ohio? which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, and had a magnitude of 5.4, and was of Mercalli intensity scale VIII.http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php Historic Earthquakes: Western Ohio], U.S. Geological Survey. Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio Historic United States Earthquakes: Ohio], U.S. Geological Survey. one of magnitude 4.8 near Lima, Ohio on September 19, 1884;http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php Historic Earthquakes: Near Lima, Ohio], U.S. Geological Survey. one of magnitude 4.2 near Portsmouth, Ohio on May 17, 1901;http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php Historic Earthquakes: Near Portsmouth, Ohio], U.S. Geological Survey. and one of 5.0 in LeRoy Township, Lake County, Ohio on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php Historic Earthquakes: Northeast Ohio], U.S. Geological Survey."http://www.ohiodnr.com/geosurvey/earthquakes/860131/860131/tabid/8365/Default.aspx January 1986 Northeastern Ohio Earthquake]". The Ohio Seismic Network (Ohio Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved 2009-09-13. The most recent earthquake in Ohio of any appreciable magnitude occurred on January 8, 2008, at 8:34:46 PM local time. It had a magnitude of 3.1, and its epicenter was under Lake Erie northeast of Cleveland, Ohio approximately west of Mentor-on-the-Lake http://www.ohiodnr.com/ohioseis/earthquakes/080109/tabid/19653/Default.aspx Small earthquake beneath Central Lake Erie], Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey. The Ohio Seismic Network (OhioSeis), a group of seismograph stations at several colleges, universities, and other institutions, and coordinated by the Division of Geological Survey of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources,http://www.ohiodnr.com/ohioseis/default/tabid/8144/Default.aspx The Ohio Seismic Network] maintains an extensive catalog of Ohio earthquakes from 1776 to the present day, as well as earthquakes located in other states whose effects were felt in Ohio.http://www.ohiodnr.com/geosurvey/html/eqcatlog/tabid/8302/Default.aspx Catalog of Ohio Earthquakes], at the Ohio Department of Natural Resources web site

Major cities

| class"wikitable" |- !Rank !City !2008 Population Estimatelt;/ref> !2008 Metro Population Estimatelt;/ref> |- | style"text-align:left;"|1 | style"text-align:left;"|Columbus, Ohio |754,885 |1,773,120 |- | style"text-align:left;"|2 | style"text-align:left;"|Cleveland, Ohio |433,748 |2,088,291 |- | style"text-align:left;"|3 | style"text-align:left;"|Cincinnati, Ohio |333,336 |2,155,137 |- | style"text-align:left;"|4 | style"text-align:left;"|Toledo, Ohio |293,201 |649,104 |- | style"text-align:left;"|5 | style"text-align:left;"|Akron, Ohio |207,510 |698,553 |- | style"text-align:left;"|6 | style"text-align:left;"|Dayton, Ohio |154,200 |836,544 |- | style"text-align:left;"|7 | style"text-align:left;"|Canton, Ohio |78,362 |407,653 |- | style"text-align:left;"|8 | style"text-align:left;"|Parma, Ohio |77,947 |* |- | style"text-align:left;"|9 | style"text-align:left;"|Youngstown, Ohio |72,925 |565,947 |- | style"text-align:left;"|10 | style"text-align:left;"|Lorain, Ohio |70,239 |* |- | style"text-align:left;"|11 | style"text-align:left;"|Hamilton, Ohio |62,477 |** |- | style"text-align:left;"|12 | style"text-align:left;"|Springfield, Ohio |62,269 |139,859 |- | style"text-align:left;"|13 | style"text-align:left;"|Elyria, Ohio |54,979 |* |- | style"text-align:left;"|14 | style"text-align:left;"|Kettering, Ohio |53,708 |*** |- | style"text-align:left;"|15 | style"text-align:left;"|Mentor, Ohio |51,825 |* |- | style"text-align:left;"|16 | style"text-align:left;"|Middletown, Ohio |51,422 |** |- | style"text-align:left;"|17 | style"text-align:left;"|Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio |51,090 |**** |- | style"text-align:left;"|18 | style"text-align:left;"|Lakewood, Ohio |50,704 |* |- | style"text-align:left;"|19 | style"text-align:left;"|Mansfield, Ohio |49,579 |124,999 |- | style"text-align:left;"|20 | style"text-align:left;"|Euclid, Ohio |47,415 |* |- | colspan 4|*[[Greater Cleveland]] **[[Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky metropolitan area|Cincinnati Metro]] ***[[Greater Dayton|Dayton Metro]] ****[[Akron metropolitan area|Akron Metro]]lt;/center> |}

Columbus, Ohio (home of The Ohio State University Franklin University Capital University and Ohio Dominican University is the capital of Ohio, near the geographic center of the state. Other Ohio cities functioning as centers of United States metropolitan area include: :*Akron, Ohio (home of University of Akron and Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company :*Canton, Ohio (home of Pro Football Hall of Fame Malone University and The Timken Company :*Cincinnati, Ohio (home of University of Cincinnati Xavier University Cincinnati Museum Center Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra Procter & Gamble Kroger Macy's Inc. Chiquita Brands International and Fifth Third Bank :*Cleveland, Ohio (home of Cleveland State University Playhouse Square Center The Cleveland Museum of Art The Cleveland Orchestra Case Western Reserve University The Cleveland Clinic Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Forest City Enterprises and University Hospitals :*Dayton, Ohio (home of University of Dayton Dayton Ballet Wright State University Premier Health Partners and National Museum of the United States Air Force :*Lima, Ohio (home of University of Northwestern Ohio :*Mansfield, Ohio (home of North Central State College and Mansfield Motorsports Park :*Sandusky, Ohio (home of Cedar Point and Kalahari Resort and Convention Center :*Springfield, Ohio (home of Wittenberg University :*Weirton-Steubenville Metropolitan Statistical Area (home of Franciscan University of Steubenville :*Toledo, Ohio (home of The University of Toledo :*Youngstown, Ohio (home of Youngstown State University and Butler Institute of American Art . Note: The Cincinnati metropolitan area extends into Kentucky and Indiana, the Steubenville metropolitan area extends into West Virginia, and the Youngstown metropolitan area extends into Pennsylvania. Ohio cities that function as centers of United States micropolitan area include: :*Ashland, Ohio (home of Ashland University :*Ashtabula, Ohio :*Athens, Ohio (home of Ohio University :*Bellefontaine, Ohio :*Bucyrus, Ohio :*Cambridge, Ohio :*Celina, Ohio :*Chillicothe, Ohio (home of Ohio University-Chillicothe :*Coshocton, Ohio :*Defiance, Ohio (home of Defiance College :*East Liverpool, Ohio Salem, Ohio :*Findlay, Ohio (home of The University of Findlay :*Fremont, Ohio :*Greenville, Ohio :*Marion, Ohio (home of Marion Popcorn Festival :*Mount Vernon, Ohio (home of Mount Vernon Nazarene University :*New Philadelphia, Ohio Dover, Ohio :*Norwalk, Ohio (home of the NHRA venue Summit Racing Equipment Motorsports Park headquarters of the International Hot Rod Association and pioneer automobile company Fisher Body :*Oxford, Ohio (home of Miami University :*Portsmouth, Ohio (home of Shawnee State University :*Sidney, Ohio :*Tiffin, Ohio (home of Heidelberg College and Tiffin University :*Urbana, Ohio (home of Urbana University :*Van Wert, Ohio :*Wapakoneta, Ohio (birthplace of Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong :*Washington Court House, Ohio :*Wilmington, Ohio (home of Wilmington College (Ohio) :*Wooster, Ohio (home of The College of Wooster :*Zanesville, Ohio (home of Zane State College .

History

Native Americans

Archeological evidence suggests that the Ohio Valley was inhabited by Nomad as early as 13,000 BC.Knepper (1989), p. 9. These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000 BC, "but their Archaeological culture provided a base for those who followed them". Between 1,000 and 800 BC, the sedentary Adena culture emerged. As Ohio historian George W. Knepper notes, this sophisticated culture was "so named because evidences of their culture were excavated in 1902 on the grounds of Adena, Thomas Worthington (governor) s estate located near Chillicothe, Ohio .Knepper (1989), p. 10. The Adena were able to establish "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, which included squash (plant) sunflowers and perhaps maize Cultivation of these in addition to hunting and gathering supported more settled, complex villages. The most spectacular remnant of the Adena culture is the Great Serpent Mound located in Adams County, Ohio Around 100 BC, the Adena were joined in Ohio Country by the Hopewell tradition people, who were named for the farm owned by Captain M. C. Hopewell, where evidence of their unique culture was discovered.Knepper (1989), p. 11. Like the Adena, the Hopewell people participated in a mound-building culture. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated Earthworks (archaeology) can be found in modern-day Marietta, Ohio Newark, Ohio and Circleville, Ohio The Hopewell, however, disappeared from the Ohio Valley in about 600 AD. Little is known about the people who replaced them.Knepper (1989), p. 13. Researchers have identified two additional, distinct prehistoric cultures: the Fort Ancient people and the Whittlesey Focus people. Both cultures apparently disappeared in the 17th century, perhaps decimated by infectious diseases spread in epidemics from early European contact. The Native Americans had no immunity to common European diseases. Some scholars believe that the Fort Ancient people "were ancestors of the historic Shawnee people, or that, at the very least, the historic Shawnees absorbed remnants of these older peoples." American Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the Iroquois Confederation based in central and western New York Knepper (1989), p. 14. After the so-called Beaver Wars in the mid-1600s, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-1600s, which largely emptied the Ohio country of indigenous people by the mid-to-late seventeenth century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly Algonquian speaking descendants of its ancient inhabitants, that is, descendants of the Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian culture cultures. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multi-ethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease, war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture (maize sunflowers, bean , etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the fur trade Roseboom (1967), p. 20. The indigenous nations to inhabit Ohio in the historical period included the Miamis (a large confederation); Wyandots (made up of refugees, especially from the fractured Huron confederacy); Delawares (pushed west from their historic homeland in New Jersey ; Shawnees (also pushed west, although they may have been descended from the Fort Ancient people of Ohio); Ottawa (tribe) (more commonly associated with the upper Great Lakes region); Mingo (like the Wyandot, a group recently formed of refugees from Iroquois); and Eries (gradually absorbed into the new, multi-ethnic "republics," namely the Wyandot).Knepper (1989), pp. 14–17. Ohio country was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the Chief Logan#Yellow Creek Massacre Gnadenhutten massacre and Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre Knepper (1989), pp. 43–44.

Colonial and Revolutionary eras

During the 18th century, the French colonisation of the Americas set up a system of trading post to control the fur trade in the region. In 1754, France and Kingdom of Great Britain fought a war that was known in North America as the French and Indian War and in Europe as the Seven Years War As a result of the Treaty of Paris (1763) the French ceded control of Ohio and the remainder of the Old Northwest to Great Britain Pontiac's Rebellion in the 1760s, however, posed a challenge to British military control.http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec539 "Pontiacs Rebellion"], Ohio History Central July 1, 2005. This came to an end with the colonists victory in the American Revolution In the Treaty of Paris (1783) in 1783, Britain ceded all claims to Ohio country to the United States.

Northwest Territory: 1787–1803

File:DSCN3504 ohiocompany e.JPG outside Federal Hall in lower Manhattan ] The United States created the Northwest Territory under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.Cayton (2002), p. 3. Slavery was not permitted in the new territory. Settlement began with the founding of Marietta, Ohio by the Ohio Company of Associates which had been formed by a group of American Revolutionary War veterans. Following the Ohio Company, the Miami Purchase (also referred to as the "Symmes Purchase ) claimed the southwestern section, and the Connecticut Land Company surveyed and settled the Connecticut Western Reserve in present-day Northeast Ohio The old Northwest Territory originally included areas previously known as Ohio Country and Illinois Country As Ohio prepared for statehood, the Indiana Territory was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan Under the Northwest Ordinance areas of the territory could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60,000. Although Ohios population numbered only 45,000 in December 1801, United States Congress determined that the population was growing rapidly and Ohio could begin the path to statehood. The assumption was that it would exceed 60,000 residents by the time it was admitted as a state.

Statehood: 1803–present

On February 19, 1803, Thomas Jefferson signed an act of Congress that approved Ohios boundaries and constitution. However, Congress had never passed a resolution formally admitting Ohio as the 17th state. The current custom of Congress declaring an official date of statehood did not begin until 1812, with Louisiana s admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, Ohio congressman George H. Bender introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803. At a special session at the old state capital in Chillicothe, Ohio the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood that was delivered to Washington, D.C. on horseback. On August 7, 1953 (the year of Ohios 150th anniversary), Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an act that officially declared March 1, 1803 the date of Ohios admittance into the Union.http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html "The Date of Ohio Statehood"], Frederick J. Blue, Ph.D., Ohio Academy of History Newsletter Volume 23, Autumn 2002http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml Clearing up the Confusion surrounding OHIOs Admission to Statehood] Although many Native Americans had migrated west to evade American encroachment, others remained settled in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. In 1830 under President Andrew Jackson the US government forced Indian Removal of most tribes to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. In 1835, Ohio fought with Michigan in the Toledo War a mostly bloodless boundary war over the Toledo Strip. Congress intervened, making Michigans admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. In exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the western two-thirds of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in addition to the eastern third that was already considered part of the state. File:Ohio.JPG Ohios central position and its population gave it an important place during the American Civil War The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohios railroads. Ohio contributed more soldiers per-capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the states morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the battle of Shiloh a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.Knepper (1989), pp. 233–234. Later that year, when Confederate States Army troops under the leadership of Stonewall Jackson threatened Washington, D.C. Ohio governor David Tod still could recruit 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.Roseboom and Weisenburger (1967), p. 188. Ohio historian Andrew R. L. Cayton writes that almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, "and some thirty thousand carried battle scars with them for the rest of their lives."Cayton (2002), p. 129. By the end of the Civil War, the Unions top three generals–Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman and Philip Sheridan were all from Ohio.Morris (1992), pp. 10–11.Cayton (2002), pp. 128–129. In 1912 a Constitutional Convention was held with Charles B. Galbreath as secretary. The result reflected the concerns of the Progressive Era It introduced the initiative and the referendum. In addition, it allowed the General Assembly to put questions on the ballot for the people to ratify laws and constitutional amendment originating in the Legislature. Under the Jeffersonian principle that laws should be reviewed once a generation, the constitution provided for a recurring question to appear on Ohios general election ballots every 20 years. The question asks whether a new convention is required. Although the question has appeared in 1932, 1952, 1972, and 1992, it has never been approved. Instead constitutional amendments have been proposed by petition to the legislature hundreds of times and adopted in a majority of cases. Eight U.S. presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "Mother of Presidents", a sobriquet it shares with Virginia (also termed "Modern Mother of Presidents,"lt;/ref> in contrast to Virginias status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history). Seven presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginias eight. Virginia-born William Henry Harrison lived most of his life in Ohio and is also buried there. Harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father-in-law, John Cleves Symmes in North Bend, Ohio The seven presidents born in Ohio were Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield Benjamin Harrison (grandson of William Henry Harrison), William McKinley William Howard Taft and Warren G. Harding

Demographics

Population

From just over 45,000 residents in 1800, Ohios population grew at rates of over 10% per decade until the United States Census, 1970 which recorded just over 10.65 million Ohioans.lt;/ref> Growth then slowed for the next three decades, and approximately 11.35 million people resided in Ohio in 2000.lt;/ref> As of July 1, 2008, the states population was estimated at 11,485,910 by the United States Census Bureau lt;/ref> Ohios population growth lags that of the entire United States and Caucasian people are found in a greater density than the United States average. Ohios center of population is located in Morrow County, Ohio lt;/ref> in the county seat of Mount Gilead, Ohio lt;/ref> This is approximately 6,346 feet south and west of Ohios population center in 1990. 6.5% of Ohios population is under 5 years of age,lt;/ref> compared to a national rate of 6.9%.lt;/ref> Also, 13.4% of Ohios population is over 65 years of age, compared to a United States rate of 12.6%. Females comprise 51.3% of Ohios population, compared to a national rate of 50.8%.

Race and ancestry

As of 2007, 3.6% of Ohios total population is estimated to be foreign-born,lt;/ref> compared to an estimated 12.5% of the United States population. Ohios five largest ancestry groups, as of 2007, are:lt;/ref> # German American (28.9%); # Irish American (14.8%); # English American (10.1%); # Polish American (8.4%); # Italian American (6.4%). The states racial makeup in 2006 was:lt;/ref> * 82.8% White (people) (non-Hispanic); * 11.8% Black (people) (non-Hispanic); * 2.3% Hispanic a category that includes people of many races; * 1.5% Asian people Pacific Islander * 1.3% Multiracial * 0.2% Native Americans in the United States Alaskan Native * 0.1% other races.

Religion

According to a Pew Forum opinion poll as of 2008, 76% of Ohioans identified as Christianity lt;/ref> Specifically, 26% of Ohios population identified as Evangelicalism 22% identified as Mainline (Protestant) and 21% identified as Roman Catholicism In addition, 17% of the population is unaffiliated with any religious body. There are also small minorities of Jehovah's Witnesses (1%), Judaism (1%), Islam (1%), Hinduism (<0.5%), Buddhism (<0.5%), Mormonism (<0.5%), and practitioners of other faiths (1-1.5%). According to the same data, a majority of Ohioans, 55%, feel that religion is "very important," while 30% say that it is "somewhat important," and 15% responded that religion is "not too important/not important at all." Also, 36% of Ohioans indicate that they attend religious services at least once weekly, while 35% attend these services occasionally, and 27% seldom or never participate in these services.

Economy

File:Cincinnati-procter-and-gamble-headquarters.jpg In 2009, Ohio was ranked #4 in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database. The state has also won three consecutive Governors Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml "Columbus Chamber Announces Ohio Ranked on Top 10 Business Climates List for 2009"], Earth Times, Retrieved 19 nov 2009. Ohios gross domestic product (GDP) was $466 billion.lt;/ref> This ranks Ohios economy as the seventh-largest of all fifty states and the District of Columbia The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state #10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked #6 at 1.9%.http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf "Business Tax Index 2009"], SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL, Retrieved 2 dec 2009. Ohio was ranked #11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf "SMALL BUSINESS SURVIVAL INDEX 2009"], SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL, Retrieved 2 dec 2009. The Directorships Boardroom Guide ranked the state #13 overall for best business climate, including #7 for best ligitation climate.http://www.directorship.com/the-best-states-for-business/ "The Best States for Business"], Directorship, Retrieved 2 dec 2009. Forbes ranked the state #8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.http://www.forbes.com/2009/09/23/best-states-for-business-beltway-best-states_slide_38.html "The Best States For Business"], Forbes, Retrieved 2 dec 2009. Ohio has 5 of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to U.S. News and World Report s 2010 rankings,http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-universities-rankings/ "Best Colleges 2010"], U.S. News and World Report, Retrieved 2 dec 2009. and was ranked #8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2008/12/04/best-high-schools-state-by-state-statistics.html "Best High Schools: State by State Statistics"], U.S. News and World Report, Retrieved 2 dec 2009. Ohios unemployment rate stood at 10.7 in May 2010, adding 17,000 new jobs that month.http://www.bls.gov/lau/ Bls.gov]; Local Area Unemployment Statisticshttp://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 "Jobless rates fall again in southeastern Ohio"], Zanesville Times-Recorder. 23 june 2010. Retrieved 25 june 2010. Ohios per capita income stands at $34,874.http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/strickland-mature-leader-needed-rival-kasich-is-too-radical-778339.html "Strickland: Mature leader needed, rival Kasich is too radical"], Dayton Daily News. 22 june 2010. Retrieved 25 june 2010. Moody's is predicting a 1.3% increase in personal income in 2009 for Ohio, compared to the 2007 rate of 4.7%. Ohios median household income is $46,645,lt;/ref> and 13.1% of the population is below the poverty line lt;/ref> slightly above the national rate of 13%. Ohios employment base is expected to grow 5% from 2006 to 2016, a net gain of 290,700 jobs. The manufacturing and financial industry sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohios GDP, making them Ohios largest industries by percentage of GDP. Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf "Economic Overview"], Ohio Department of Development, p. 1, Retrieved 19 nov 2009. 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary By employment, Ohios largest sector is trade transportation utilities which employs 1,010,000 Ohioans, or 19.4% of Ohios workforce, while the health care industry and education sector employs 825,000 Ohioans (15.8%). Government employs 787,000 Ohioans (15.1%), manufacturing employs 669,000 Ohioans (12.9%), and professional and technical services employs 638,000 Ohioans (12.2%). Ohios manufacturing sector is the third-largest of all fifty United States List of U.S. states in terms of gross domestic product. Fifty-nine of the United States top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Ohio, including Procter & Gamble Goodyear Tire & Rubber NCR Corporation AK Steel Timken Company Abercrombie & Fitch and Wendy's lt;/ref> Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,lt;/ref> the Ohio Lottery lt;/ref> The Ohio Lottery has contributed over $15.5 billion to public education in its 34-year history.lt;/ref>

Transportation

Ground Travel lt;br /> Many major east-west transportation corridors go through Ohio. One of those pioneer routes, known in the early 1900s as "Main Market Route 3", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic Lincoln Highway which was the first road across America, connecting New York City to San Francisco In Ohio, the Lincoln Highway linked many towns and cities together, including Canton, Ohio Mansfield, Ohio Wooster, Ohio Lima, Ohio and Van Wert, Ohio The arrival of the Lincoln Highway to Ohio was a major influence on the development of the state. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the Lincoln Highway through Ohio became U.S. Highway 30 Ohio also is home to of the Historic National Road now U.S. Route 40 Ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. Major east-west through routes include the Ohio Turnpike (Interstate 80 Interstate 90 in the north, Interstate 76 (east) through Akron, Ohio to Pennsylvania Interstate 70 through Columbus, Ohio and Dayton, Ohio and the Appalachian Highway (Ohio) (Ohio 32) running from West Virginia to Cincinnati, Ohio Major north-south routes include Interstate 75 in the west through Toledo, Ohio Dayton, Ohio and Cincinnati, Interstate 71 through the middle of the state from Cleveland, Ohio through Columbus, Ohio and Cincinnati into Kentucky and Interstate 77 in the eastern part of the state from Cleveland through Akron, Ohio Canton, New Philadelphia, Ohio and Marietta, Ohio down into West Virginia. Interstate 75 between Cincinnati and Dayton is one of the heaviest traveled sections of interstate in Ohio. Air Travel Ohio has 5 international airports, 4 commercial and 2 military. The 5 international includes Cleveland Hopkins International Airport which is a major hub for Continental Airlines Port Columbus International Airport and Dayton International Airport Ohios third largest airport. Akron Fulton International Airport handles cargo and for private use. Rickenbacker International Airport is one of military which is also home to the 7th largest fed ex building in America. The other military airport is Wright Patterson Air Force Base which is one of the largest Air Force bases in the United States. Other major airports are located in Toledo Express Airport and Akron-Canton Airport Cincinnatis Airport is in Kentucky therefore not listed above

Transportation lists

* List of Ohio state highways * List of Ohio train stations * List of Ohio railroads * List of Ohio rivers * Historic Ohio Canals

Law and government

File:Ohio Statehouse columbus.jpg located in Columbus, Ohio ]] The state government of Ohio consists of the executive,lt;/ref> judicial,lt;/ref> and legislativelt;/ref> branches.

Executive branch

The executive branch is headed by the governor The current governor is Ted Strickland lt;/ref> a Democratic Party (United States) elected in 2006.lt;/ref> A Lieutenant Governor of Ohio succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office,lt;/ref> and performs any duties assigned by the governor.lt;/ref> The current lieutenant governor is Lee Fisher who also directs the Ohio Department of Development.lt;/ref> The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the Ohio Secretary of State (Jennifer L. Brunner , Ohio State Auditor (Mary Taylor (Ohio politician) , Ohio State Treasurer (Kevin Boyce , and Ohio Attorney General (Richard Cordray .

Judicial branch

There are three levels of the Ohio state judiciary The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally-mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters."lt;/ref> The intermediate-level court system is the district court system.lt;/ref> Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area. A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected. The highest-ranking court, the Ohio Supreme Court is Ohios "court of last resort."lt;/ref> A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own Certiorari#State courts hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.lt;/ref>

Legislative branch

File:AkronPoliceCar.jpg originated in Akron, Ohio http://www.akronhistory.org/police.htm Akron & Summit County History:Police]]] The Ohio General Assembly is a bicameral legislature consisting of the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives lt;/ref> The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator.lt;/ref> Each senator represents approximately 330,000 constituent (politics) The House of Representatives is composed of 99 members.lt;/ref>

National politics

| class"wikitable" style"float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:83%;" |+ Presidential elections results lt;ref>lt;/ref> |- ! Year ! Republican Party (United States) ! Democratic Party (United States) |- | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|United States presidential election, 2008 | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"| 46.80% 2,677,820 | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|51.38% 2,940,044 |- | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|United States presidential election, 2004 | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|50.81% 2,859,768 | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"| 48.71% 2,741,167 |- | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|United States presidential election, 2000 | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|49.97% 2,351,209 | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"| 46.46% 2,186,190 |- | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|United States presidential election, 1996 | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"| 41.02% 1,859,883 | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|47.38% 2,148,222 |- | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|United States presidential election, 1992 | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"| 38.35% 1,894,310 | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|40.18% 1,984,942 |- | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|United States presidential election, 1988 | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|55.00% 2,416,549 | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"| 44.15% 1,939,629 |- | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|United States presidential election, 1984 | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|58.90% 2,678,560 | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"| 40.14% 1,825,440 |- | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|United States presidential election, 1980 | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|51.51% 2,206,545 | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|40.91% 1,752,414 |- | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|United States presidential election, 1976 | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|48.65% 2,000,505 | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|48.92% 2,011,621 |- | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|United States presidential election, 1972 | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|59.63% 2,441,827 | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|38.07% 1,558,889 |- | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|United States presidential election, 1968 | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|45.23% 1,791,014 | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|42.95% 1,700,586 |- | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|United States presidential election, 1964 | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|37.06% 1,470,865 | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|62.94% 2,498,331 |- | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|United States presidential election, 1960 | style"text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|53.28% 2,217,611 | style"text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|46.72% 1,944,248 |} Ohio, nicknamed the "Mother of Presidents," has sent seven of its native sons (Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield Benjamin Harrison William McKinley William Howard Taft and Warren G. Harding to the President of the United States lt;/ref> All seven were History of the United States Republican Party Virginia native William Henry Harrison a Whig Party (United States) resided in Ohio. Historian R. Douglas Hurt asserts that not since Virginia had a state made such a mark on national political affairs.Holli (1999), p. 162. [[The Economist]]notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American — part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb,"http://www.economist.com/World/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id5327576" A grain of sand for your thoughts"], The Economist December 20, 2005. Retrieved December 23, 2005. Ohios voter demographic leans towards the Democratic Party (United States) lt;/ref> An estimated 2,408,178 Ohioans are registered to vote as Democrats, while 1,471,465 Ohioans are registered to vote as Republican Party (United States) These are changes from 2004 of 72% and 32%, respectively, and Democrats have registered over 1,000,000 new Ohioans since 2004. Independent (voter) have an wikt:attrition of 15% since 2004, losing an estimated 718,000 of their kind. The total now rests at 4,057,518 Ohioans. In total, there are 7,937,161 Ohioans registered to vote. In the United States presidential election in Ohio, 2008 then-United States Senate Barack Obama of Illinois won 51.50% of Ohios popular vote 4.59% more than his nearest rival, Senator John McCain of Arizona lt;/ref> However, Obama won only 22 of Ohios List of counties in Ohio lt;/ref> Following the United States Census, 2000 Ohio lost one List of United States congressional districts in the United States House of Representatives which leaves Ohio with 20 districts, and consequently, 20 representatives. The state is expected to lose two more seats following the 2010 Census.lt;/ref> The United States House elections, 2008 Democrats gained three seats in Ohios delegation to the House of Representatives.lt;/ref> This leaves eight Republican-controlled seats in the Ohio delegation.lt;/ref> Ohios United States Senate in the 111th Congress are Republican George Voinovich and Democrat Sherrod Brown lt;/ref> Marcia Kaptur (D-Ohio's 9th congressional district is the dean, or most senior member, of the Ohio delegation to the United States House of Representatives.lt;/ref>

Education

Ohios system of public education is outlined in Article VI of the Ohio Constitution and in Title 33 (number) of the Ohio Revised Code Substantively, Ohios system is similar to those found in Education in the United States At the State level, the Ohio Department of Education, which is overseen by the Ohio State Board of Education governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. The Ohio Board of Regents coordinates and assists with Ohios institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the University System of Ohio under Governor Strickland. The system averages an annual enrollment of over 400,000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the U.S.

Colleges and universities

* 13 state university ** University of Akron Akron, Ohio ** Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, Ohio ** Central State University Wilberforce, Ohio ** University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio ** Cleveland State University Cleveland, Ohio ** Kent State University Kent, Ohio ** Miami University Oxford, Ohio ** Ohio University Athens, Ohio ** The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio ** Shawnee State University Portsmouth, Ohio ** University of Toledo Toledo, Ohio ** Wright State University Dayton, Ohio (Fairborn, Ohio ** Youngstown State University Youngstown, Ohio * 24 state university branch and regional campuses * 46 private college and universities ^{a b} * 6 free-standing state-assisted medical school ** University of Toledo Medical Center (formerly Medical University of Ohio) ** Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine ** OSU College of Medicine and Public Health ** Ohio University ** University of Cincinnati ** Boonshoft School of Medicine (formerly known as The Wright State University School of Medicine) * 15 community colleges * 8 technical colleges * 24 independent non-profit colleges :^a Included among these is the University of Dayton which is the largest private university in Ohio. :^b Two of these institutions are ranked among the top 40 in the nation by US News & World Report Case Western Reserve University (private national university), and Oberlin College (private liberal arts college).

Libraries

Ohio is home to some of the nations highest-ranking public libraries.http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf Thomas J. Hennens American Public Library Ratings for 2006] The Hennen's American Public Library Ratings ranked Ohio as number one in a state-by-state comparison.http://www.haplr-index.com/AverageStatewideScores.html Statewide Library Scoring] For 2008, 31 of Ohios library systems were all ranked in the top ten for American cities of their population category. * 500,000 or more ** Columbus Metropolitan Library (First) ** Cuyahoga County Public Library (Second) ** Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County (Tenth) The Ohio Public Library Information Network (OPLIN) is an organization that provides Ohio residents with internet access to their 251 public libraries. OPLIN also provides Ohioans with free home access to high-quality, subscription research databases. Ohio also offers the OhioLINK program, allowing Ohios libraries (particularly those from colleges and universities) access to materials in other libraries. The program is largely successful in allowing researchers access to books and other media that might not otherwise be available.

Sports

Professional sports

Ohio is home to major professional sports teams in baseball basketball American football hockey and soccer The states major professional sporting teams include: Cincinnati Reds (Major League Baseball ,lt;/ref> Cleveland Indians (Major League Baseball),lt;/ref> Cincinnati Bengals (National Football League ,lt;/ref> Cleveland Browns (National Football League), Cleveland Cavaliers (National Basketball Association ,lt;/ref> Columbus Blue Jackets (National Hockey League ,lt;/ref> and the Columbus Crew (Major League Soccer .lt;/ref> Baseballs first fully professional team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869, were organized in Ohio.lt;/ref> On a smaller scale, Ohio hosts minor league baseball arena football indoor football mid-level hockey, and lower division soccer. The minor league baseball teams include: Akron Aeros (affiliated with the Cleveland Indians , Chillicothe Paints (independent), Columbus Clippers (affiliated with the Cleveland Indians), Dayton Dragons (affiliated with the Cincinnati Reds , Lake County Captains lt;ref>lt;/ref> (affiliated with the Cleveland Indians), Mahoning Valley Scrappers lt;ref>lt;/ref> (affiliated with the Cleveland Indians), and Toledo Mud Hens lt;ref>lt;/ref> (affiliated with the Detroit Tigers . Ohios minor professional football teams include: Canton Legends (American Indoor Football Association , Cincinnati Marshals (National Indoor Football League , Cincinnati Sizzle (National Women's Football Association , Cleveland Fusion (National Womens Football Association), Cleveland Gladiators (Arena Football League (1987–2008) , Columbus Comets (National Womens Football Association), Columbus Destroyers (Arena Football League), Mahoning Valley Thunder (af2 , Marion Mayhem (Continental Indoor Football League , and Miami Valley Silverbacks (Continental Indoor Football League). Ohios alternative professional hockey teams include: Cincinnati Cyclones (ECHL , Dayton Bombers (ECHL), Lake Erie Monsters (American Hockey League , Queen City Storm (All American Hockey League (2008-) , Troy Bruins (2009–) (All American Hockey League (2008-) , Dayton Gems (Central Hockey League , Mahoning Valley Phantoms (North American Hockey League , Toledo Walleye (ECHL), and Youngstown Steelhounds (Central Hockey League . In lower division professional soccer, Ohio accommodates the Cincinnati Kings and Cleveland City Stars both of the United Soccer League and the Dayton Dutch Lions of the USL Premier Development League Ohio is also home to the Akron Racers a minor professional softball club, of National Pro Fastpitch Former major league teams: * Akron Pros (NFL) (1920–1925) * Canton Bulldogs (NFL) (1920–1923 and 1925–1926) * Portsmouth Spartans (NFL) (1930–1933) * Cincinnati Red Stockings (NL)(1876–1880) * Cleveland Blues (NL) (NL) (1879–1884) * Cleveland Spiders (American Association (19th century) NL) (1887–1899) * St. Louis Rams (NFL) (1936–1945) * Cleveland Rebels (Basketball Association of America (1946–1947) * Sacramento Kings (NBA) (1957–1972) * Cleveland Barons (NHL) (NHL) (1976–1978) * Cleveland Crusaders World Hockey Association 1972–1976) * Cincinnati Stingers (WHA) (1975–1979). * Dayton Triangles (NFL) (1920–1929) * Cleveland Rockers (WNBA) (1997–2003)

College football

Ohio has eight Division I (NCAA) college football teams, divided among three different List of college athletic conferences It has also experienced considerable success in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions. In Division I-A, representing the Big Ten Conference the Ohio State Buckeyes football team ranks 5th among all-time winningest programs, with seven national championships and seven Heisman Trophy winners. Their rivals are the Michigan Wolverines They typically play each other in their last game of the regular season. The Buckeyes have won the last four matchups. Ohio has six teams represented in the Mid-American Conference conference: the University of Akron Bowling Green State University Kent State University Miami University Ohio University and the University of Toledo The MAC Conference headquarters are based in Cleveland, Ohio The Cincinnati Bearcats football represent Ohio in the Big East Conference Division I-AA Youngstown State Penguins is a perennial power in the Missouri Valley Football Conference having won four NCAA Division I FBS national football championship under (now OSU Head Coach) Jim Tressel Division III Mount Union College boasts a record-setting ten National Championships and also hold the record for 110 consecutive game winning streak from 1994 until 2005. They have won two of the last three D-III National Championship games.

State symbols

File:Aesculus glabra nuts.jpg tree.]] Ohios state symbols: * State animal: White-tailed Deer (1987)lt;/ref> * State beverage: Tomato juice (1965) * State bird: Northern Cardinal (1933) * State capital: Columbus, Ohio lt;ref name"CITY">lt;/ref> (1816)lt;/ref> * State flower: carnation (1904) * State fossil: Trilobite genus Isotelus (1985) * State herb capital: Gahanna, Ohio (1972)lt;/ref> * State insect: Ladybug (1975) * State motto: "With God all things are possible." (1959)lt;/ref> * State reptile: Racer (snake) dn}} (1995) * State rock song: "Hang On Sloopy (1985)lt;/ref> * State song: "Beautiful Ohio (1969) * State stone: Ohio Flint (1965) * State tree: Ohio Buckeye (1953) * State wildflower: Large white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum (1986)

See also

Notes

References

* Cayton, Andrew R. L. (2002). Ohio: The History of a People Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0-8142-0899-1 * Knepper, George W. (1989). Ohio and Its People Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87338-791-0 * Mithun, Marianne (1999). Languages of Native North America Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press * Morris, Roy, Jr. (1992). Sheridan: The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 0-517-58070-5. * Holli, Melvin G. (1999). The American Mayor State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01876-3 * Roseboom, Eugene H.; Weisenburger, Francis P. (1967). A History of Ohio Columbus: The Ohio Historical Society

External links

* http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/ Ohio Department of Natural Resources] * http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states.php?regionOhio Ohio Earthquake Information] * http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/OH.htm Ohio State Facts] * http://www.ohio.gov/ State of Ohio Official Website] * http://ohiosunshine.org/ Ohio Sunshine Wiki] * http://ohio.wikia.com/ State of Ohio wiki] * http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39000.html U.S. Census Bureau (Ohio Quick Facts)] * http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?StateOH USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Ohio] * }} Category:Ohio Category:States of the United States Category:Midwestern United States Category:States and territories established in 1803 af:Ohio ang:Ohio ar:أوهايو an:Ohio arc:ܐܘܗܐܝܘ frp:Ohio gn:Ohio az:Ohayo bn:ওহাইও zh-min-nan:Ohio be:Штат Агаё be-x-old:Агаё bcl:Ohio bi:Ohio bs:Ohio br:Ohio bg:Охайо ca:Ohio cv:Огайо (штат) cs:Ohio co:Ohio cy:Ohio da:Ohio pdc:Ohio de:Ohio nv:Oohááyoo Hahoodzo et:Ohio el:Οχάιο es:Ohio eo:Ohio eu:Ohio fa:اوهایو fo:Ohio fr:Ohio frr:Ohio fy:Ohio ga:Ohio gv:Ohio gd:Ohio gl:Ohio hak:Ngò-hài-ngò xal:Өхәй ko:오하이오 주 haw:‘Ohaio hy:Օհայո hr:Ohio io:Ohio ig:Ohaïyo bpy:ওহাইও id:Ohio ie:Ohio ik:Ohio os:Огайо is:Ohio it:Ohio he:אוהיו jv:Ohio pam:Ohio ka:ოჰაიო (შტატი) kw:Ohio sw:Ohio ht:Owayo (eta) ku:Ohio lad:Ohio la:Ohium lv:Ohaio lt:Ohajas lij:Ohio li:Ohio lmo:Ohio hu:Ohio mk:Охајо mg:Ohio ml:ഒഹായോ mi:Ohio mr:ओहायो arz:اوهايو ms:Ohio mn:Охайо nah:Ohio nl:Ohio (staat) ja:オハイオ州 no:Ohio nn:Ohio oc:Ohio uz:Ogayo pnb:اوہائیو pap:Ohio pms:Ohio nds:Ohio pl:Ohio pt:Ohio ksh:Ohio (Bundesstaat) ro:Ohio (stat SUA) rm:Ohio qu:Ohio suyu ru:Огайо sah:Оhайо stq:Ohio sq:Ohio scn:Ohio simple:Ohio sk:Ohio sl:Ohio szl:Ohio sr:Охајо (држава) sh:Ohio fi:Ohio sv:Ohio tl:Ohio ta:ஒகையோ tt:Огайо (штат) th:รัฐโอไฮโอ tg:Оҳаё tr:Ohio uk:Огайо ur:اوہائیو ug:Oxayo Shtati vi:Ohio vo:Ohio war:Ohio yi:אהאיא yo:Ohio zh-yue:俄亥俄州 diq:Ohio bat-smg:Ohajos zh:俄亥俄州