pp-move-indef}} |conventional_long_name Republic of India |common_name India |image_flag Flag of India.svg |alt_flag Horizontal tricolour flag (deep saffron, white, and green). In the centre of the white is a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes. |image_coat Emblem of India.svg |alt_coat Three lions facing left, right,and toward viewer, atop a frieze containing a galloping horse, a 24-spoke wheel, and an elephant. Underneath is a motto "सत्यमेव जयते". |symbol_type National Emblem |national_motto "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" lt;small>(Sanskrit
amp;nbsp; (Devanāgarī
"Truth Alone Triumphs"lt;/ref> |national_anthem [[Jana Gana Mana]]lt;small>
Thou art the ruler of the minds of all peoplelt;/ref> |royal_anthem |alt_map2 |map_caption2 |capital New Delhi |latd28 | latm36.8 | latNS N |longd77 |longm12.5 |longEW E |largest_city Mumbai |largest_settlement |largest_settlement_type |official_languages lt;/ref> and English the "subsidiary official language". lt;/ref>}} |regional_languages lt;/ref>}} |languages_type National languages |languages None defined by the
constitution. |ethnic_groups |ethnic_groups_year |demonym Demographics of India |government_type lt;ref name"IndiaGlance">lt;/ref> |leader_title1 President of India |leader_name1 Pratibha Patil |leader_title2 Prime Minister of India |leader_name2 Manmohan Singh (Indian National Congress |leader_title3 Chief Justice of India |leader_name3 S. H. Kapadia |legislature Parliament of India |upper_house Rajya Sabha |lower_house Lok Sabha |leader_title6 |leader_name6 |sovereignty_type Indian independence movement |sovereignty_note from the United Kingdom |established_event1 Declared |established_date1 15 August 1947 |established_event2 Republic |established_date2 26 January 1950 |established_event9 |established_date9 |area_rank 7th |area_magnitude 1 E12 |area |area_km2 3,287,240 |area_sq_mi 1,269,210 |area_label2 |area_dabodyalign |population_estimate lt;ref name"pop"/> |population_estimate_rank 2nd |population_estimate_year |population_census 1,028,610,328lt;/ref> |population_census_year 2001 |population_density_km2 3287240 round 1}} |population_density_sq_mi 1269210 round 1}} |population_density_rank 31st |GDP_PPP $3.526 trillionlt;/ref> |GDP_PPP_rank 4th |GDP_PPP_year 2009 |GDP_PPP_per_capita $2,941 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank 128th |GDP_nominal $1.235 trillion |GDP_nominal_rank 11th |GDP_nominal_year 2009 |GDP_nominal_per_capita $1,031 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank 139th |Gini 36.8lt;/ref> |Gini_rank |Gini_year 2004 |Gini_category |HDI .612lt;/ref> |HDI_rank 134th |HDI_year 2007 |HDI_category medium |currency Indian rupee (Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg |currency_code INR |country_code INR |time_zone Indian Standard Time |utc_offset +5:30 |time_zone_DST not observed |date_format dd-mm-yyyy (Anno Domini |DST_note |utc_offset_DST +5:30 |drives_on left |cctld .in |calling_code Telephone numbers in India |image_map3 |alt_map3 |footnotes Federal Research Division dateDecember 2004|quoteThe country’s exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists the total area as and the total land area as the United Nations lists the total area as and total land area as }}}} |footnote1 |footnote2 |footnote7 }} India (, officially the Republic of India ({{lang|inc-Latn|Bhārat Gaṇarājya}}; see also [[Official names of India]]), is a country in [[South Asia|South]] [[Asia]]. It is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|seventh-largest]] country by geographical area, the [[List of countries by population|second-most populous]] country with [[Demographics of India|over 1.18 billion people]], and the most populous democracy in the world. [[Mainland India]] is bounded by the [[Indian Ocean]] on the south, the [[Arabian Sea]] on the west, and the [[Bay of Bengal]] on the east; and it is bordered by [[Pakistan]] to the west;{{Ref_label|A|note|none}} [[China]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bhutan]] to the north; and [[Bangladesh]] and [[Burma]] to the east. India is in the vicinity of [[Sri Lanka]], and the [[Maldives]] in the Indian Ocean, its [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] are also in the vicinity of the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Aceh|Sumatra]] in the [[Andaman Sea]], and in the [[Andaman Sea]] India also shares a maritime border with [[Thailand]].{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.gov.in/Milan%202008_files/Page4063.htm |title=Andaman & Nicobar Command – Indian Navy |publisher=Indiannavy.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2010-08-23}} India has a coastline of {{convert|7517|km|mi|-2}}.{{cite journal|last=Kumar|first=V. Sanil|coauthors=K. C. Pathak, P. Pednekar, N. S. N. Raju|title=Coastal processes along the Indian coastline|journal=Current Science|volume=91|issue=4|year=2006|pages=530–536|format=PDF|url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf|ref=harv}} Home to the ancient [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the [[Indian subcontinent]] was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.Oldenburg, Phillip. 2007. "[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557562_10____97/India.html#s97 India: History]," [[Microsoft Encarta]] Online Encyclopedia 2007. [http://www.webcitation.org/5kyWYD7cM Archived] 1 November 2009. Four major religions, [[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]], [[Buddhism in India|Buddhism]], [[Jainism in India|Jainism]] and [[Sikhism in India|Sikhism]] originated here, while [[Parsi|Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism in India|Judaism]], [[Christianity in India|Christianity]] and [[Islam in India|Islam]] arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region diverse Indian culture Gradually annexed by the East India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-nineteenth century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread non-violent resistance lt;/ref> India is a Federal government constitutional republic with a Parliamentary system consisting of States and territories of India A religious pluralism Languages of India and multiethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of Fauna of India in a variety of Protected areas of India The Economy of India is the worlds List of countries by GDP (nominal) by nominal Gross domestic product and the List of countries by GDP (PPP) by purchasing power parity Since the introduction of Economic liberalisation in India in 1991, India has become one of the List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate in the world;lt;/ref> however, it still suffers from poverty in India http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/news/prmar07.pdf Poverty estimates for 2004–05], Planning commission, Government of India March 2007. Accessed: 25 August 2007. Literacy in India lt;/ref> Corruption in India http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/india-ranked-84th-in-corruption-index/376796/ India ranked 84th in corruption index]. Business-Standard. November 18, 2009. Health in India lt;/ref> and Malnutrition in India lt;/ref> India is classified as a newly industrialised country lt;ref name"UNIDO Industry">lt;/ref>lt;/ref> and is one of the four BRIC nations. It is a nuclear weapons state and has the List of countries by number of troops in the world.lt;/ref> while its List of countries by military expenditures in the world. It is a founding member of the United Nations the East Asia Summit the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the Non-Aligned Movement and a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations and the G-20 major economies

Etymology

The name Indiais derived from [[Indus River|Indus]] which is derived from the Old Persian word [[Hindu]] from Sanskrit सिन्धु Sindhu the historic local appellation for the Indus River."India", Oxford English Dictionary second edition, 2100a.d. Oxford University Press. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi(Ινδοί), the people of the Indus.lt;/ref> The Constitution of India and common usage in various Indian languages also recognise Bharat(pronounced as an official name of equal status.lt;/ref> The name Bharat is derived from the name of the legendary king Bharata (emperor) in Hindu scriptures. [[Hindustan]](, originally a Persian language word for “Land of the Hindus” referring to North India is also occasionally used as a synonym for all of India.lt;/ref>

History

Stone Age rock shelters with paintings at the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh are the earliest known traces of human life in India. The first known permanent settlements appeared about 8,500 years ago and gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation lt;/ref> dating back to 3400 Common Era in western India. It was followed by the Vedic period which laid the foundations of Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society, and ended in the 500s BCE. From around 550 BCE, many independent kingdoms and republics known as the Mahajanapadas were established across the country.lt;/ref> File:Indischer Maler des 6. Jahrhunderts 001.jpg in Aurangabad, Maharashtra Maharashtra sixth century]] In the third century BCE, most of South Asia was united into the Maurya Empire by Chandragupta Maurya and flourished under Ashoka the Great lt;/ref> From the third century CE, the Gupta Empire oversaw the period referred to as ancient "Golden Age of India .lt;/ref>Heitzman, James. (2007). "http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/Gupta_Dynasty.html#s3 Gupta Dynasty,]" Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. http://www.webcitation.org/5kwrFOTlO Archived] 31 October 2009. Empires in South India included those of the Chalukya dynasty the Chola Dynasty and the Vijayanagara Empire Science and technology in ancient India List of Indian inventions and discoveries Indian art Indian logic Languages of India Indian literature Indian mathematics Indian astronomy Indian religion and Indian philosophy flourished under the patronage of these kings. Following Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent between the 10th and 12th centuries, much of North India came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire Under the rule of Akbar the Great India enjoyed much cultural and economic progress as well as religious harmony.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Mughal emperors gradually expanded their empires to cover large parts of the subcontinent. However, in North-East India India, the dominant power was the Ahom kingdom of Assam among the few kingdoms to have resisted Mughal subjugation. The first major threat to Mughal imperial power came from a Hindu Rajput king Maha Rana Pratap of Mewar in the 16th century and later from a Hindu state known as the Maratha confederacy that ruled much of India in the mid-18th century.http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MUGHAL/MARATHAS.HTM The Mughals: The Marathas]. From the 16th century, European powers such as Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and Great Britain established trading posts and later took advantage of internal conflicts to establish colonies in the country. By 1856, most of India was under the control of the Honourable East India Company lt;/ref> A year later, a nationwide insurrection of rebelling military units and kingdoms, known as Indian Rebellion of 1857 or the Sepoy Mutiny, seriously challenged the Companys control but eventually failed. As a result of the instability, India was brought under the direct rule of the Monarchy of the United Kingdom File:Nehru Gandhi 1937.jpg (right) with Jawaharlal Nehru 1937. Nehru would go on to become Indias first prime minister in 1947.]] In the 20th century, a nationwide Indian independence movement was launched by the Indian National Congress and other political organisations.lt;/ref> Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi led millions of people in several national campaigns of Ahimsa civil disobedience On 15 August 1947, India gained independence from British rule, but at the same time the Partition of India to form a separate state of Pakistan lt;/ref> On 26 January 1950, India became a republic and a new Constitution of India came into effect.lt;/ref> Since independence, India has faced challenges from Religious violence in India Caste-related violence in India Naxalite Terrorism in India and regional separatist insurgencies, especially in Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir and Northeast India. Since the 1990s Terrorism in India have affected many Indian cities. India has unresolved territorial disputes with the Peoples Republic of China, which, in 1962, escalated into the Sino-Indian War and with Pakistan, which resulted in wars in Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Kargil War India is a founding member of the United Nations (as British India) and the Non-Aligned Movement India is List of states with nuclear weapons having conducted its first Smiling Buddha in 1974,lt;/ref> followed by Pokhran-II in 1998. Beginning 1991, Economic liberalisation in India lt;ref name"Montek">lt;/ref> have transformed India into List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate in the world, increasing its global clout.

Government

India is federation with a Parliamentary system of government, governed under the Constitution of India lt;/ref> It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by Law of India " Federalism#India defines the power distribution between the centre and the States and territories of India The government is regulated by a separation of powers defined by Indian Constitution, which serves as the countrys supreme legal document.

Constitution

The Constitution of India the longest and the most exhaustive among constitutions of independent nations in the world, came into force on 26 January 1950.lt;/ref> The preamble to the Constitution of India of the Constitution of India defines India as a sovereignty socialism secularism liberal democracy republic at p. 421. India has a bicameralism parliament operating under a Westminster system parliamentary system. Its form of government was traditionally described as being quasi-federal with a strong centre and weaker states,lt;/ref> but it has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of political, economic and social changes.at pp. 19–20; at pp. 25–33.

President and Prime Minister

The President of India is the head of state lt;ref name"Sharma1950">lt;/ref> elected indirectly by an electoral college lt;ref>lt;/ref> for a five-year term.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> The Prime Minister of India is the head of government and exercises most executive (government) Appointed by the President,lt;/ref> the Prime Minister is by convention supported by the political party or political alliance holding the majority of seats in the lower house of Parliament. The executive branch consists of the President, Vice-President, and the Council of Ministers of Republic of India (the Cabinet (government) being its executive committee) headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature, with the Prime Minister and his Council being directly responsible to the lower house of the Parliament.lt;/ref>

Legislature

The Legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament of India which consists of the upper house called the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the lower house called the Lok Sabha (House of People).lt;/ref> The Rajya Sabha, a permanent body, has 245 members serving staggered six year terms.lt;/ref> Most are elected indirectly by the States and territories of India legislatures in proportion to the states population. 543 of the Lok Sabhas 545 members are directly elected by popular vote to represent individual constituency for five year terms. The other two members are nominated by the President from the Anglo-Indian community if the President is of the opinion that the community is not adequately represented.

Judiciary

India has a unitary three-tier judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Court of India headed by the Chief Justice of India 21 High Courts of India and a large number of trial courts.at p. 478. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving Fundamental Rights in India and over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts.lt;/ref> It is Judicial independence and has the power to declare the law and to strike down Union or State laws which contravene the Constitution.at pp. 423–424. The role as the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution is one of the most important functions of the Supreme Court.lt;/ref>

Administrative divisions

India consists of 28 states and seven Union Territory All states, and the two union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi have elected legislatures and governments patterned on the Westminster model. The other five union territories are directly ruled by the Centre through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act states were formed on a linguistic basis. See also: Political integration of India Since then, this structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is further divided into administrative [[Districts of India|districts]]lt;/ref> The districts in turn are further divided into [[tehsil]]sand eventually into villages.

Politics

File:NorthBlock.jpg in New Delhi houses key government offices.]] India is the most populous democracy in the world.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> It has operated under a multi-party system for most of its history. For most of the years since independence, the federal government has been led by the Indian National Congress (INC). Politics in the states have been dominated by national parties like the INC, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and various regional parties. From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. Within Indian political culture the Indian National Congress is considered centre-left or "liberal" and the Bharatiya Janata Party is considered centre-right or "conservative". The INC was out of power between 1977 and 1980, when the Janata Party won the election owing to public discontent with the The Emergency (India) declared by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi In 1989, a Janata Dal led National Front (India) coalition in alliance with the Left Front coalition won the elections but managed to stay in power for only two years.lt;/ref> As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority, the INC formed a minority government under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and was able to complete its five-year term.lt;/ref> The years 1996–1998 were a period of turmoil in the federal government with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996, followed by the United Front (India) coalition that excluded both the BJP and the INC. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (India) (NDA) with several other parties and became the first non-Congress government to complete a full five-year term.lt;/ref> In the Indian general election, 2004 the INC won the largest number of Lok Sabha seats and formed a government with a coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), supported by various Left-leaning parties and members opposed to the BJP. The UPA again came into power in the Indian general election, 2009 however, the representation of the Left leaning parties within the coalition has significantly reduced.lt;/ref> Manmohan Singh became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in Indian general election, 1962 to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term.lt;/ref>

Foreign relations and military

File:SU-30MKI-g4sp - edit 1.jpg and Hindustan Aeronautics the Sukhoi-30 MKI "Flanker-H" is the Indian Air Force s prime air superiority fighter lt;/ref>]] Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations. It took a leading role in the 1950s by advocating the independence of List of former European colonies in Africa and Asia.lt;/ref> India is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and a founding member of the India and the Non-Aligned Movement lt;/ref> India was involved in two brief military intervention in neighbouring countries – Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka and Operation Cactus in Maldives. After the Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Indias relationship with the Soviet Union warmed and continued to remain so until the end of the Cold War India has fought Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts over the Kashmir dispute A Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 between India and Pakistan in 1971 resulted in the creation of Bangladesh (then East Pakistan .lt;/ref> Additional Operation Meghdoot have taken place between the two nations over the Siachen Glacier In 1999, India and Pakistan fought an undeclared war over Kargil War In recent years, India has played an influential role in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the World Trade Organization lt;/ref> India has provided as many as 55,000 Indian Armed Forces and Indian Police personnel to serve in thirty-five Peacekeeping operations across four continents.lt;/ref> India is also an active participant in various mutlilateral forums, particularly the East Asia Summit lt;ref>lt;/ref> and the G8+5 lt;/ref> Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened relations with the United States and China. In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other Developing country in South America, Asia and Africa. File:Dmitry Medvedev at the 34th G8 Summit 7-9 July 2008-61.jpg lt;/ref> Shown here is Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh with President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev at the 34th G8 Summit ]] India maintains the List of countries by size of armed forces which consists of the Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force lt;ref name"CIA"/> and auxiliary forces such as the Paramilitary forces of India the Indian Coast Guard and the Strategic Forces Command The official Indian defence budget for 2010 stood at US$31.9 billion (or 2.12% of GDP).lt;/ref> According to a 2008 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute report, Indias annual military expenditure in terms of PPP stood at US$72.7 billion.lt;/ref> The President of India is the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces. India maintains close defence cooperation with Russia, Israel and France, who are the chief suppliers of arms. Defence contractors, such as the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL), oversee indigenous development of sophisticated arms and military equipment, including ballistic missiles, fighter aircraft and main battle tanks, to reduce Indias dependence on foreign imports. India became a list of states with nuclear weapons in 1974 after conducting an initial nuclear test, known as the Smiling Buddha and carried out Pokhran-II in 1998. Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has consistently refused to sign the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty India maintains a "no first use nuclear policylt;/ref> and is developing nuclear triad capability as a part of its "Minimum Credible Deterrence doctrine.lt;/ref> On 10 October 2008, a Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement between India and the United States was signed, prior to which India received waivers from the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear Suppliers Group which ended restrictions on nuclear technology commerce and recognised India as the worlds de factosixth nuclear weapons state.lt;/ref> On 12 March 2010, Russia signed with India a nuclear reactor deal which will build 16 nuclear reactors in India as part of defence and energy deals .lt;/ref> On 28 June 2010, Canada signs with India a nuclear co-operation deal to promote and develop co-operation in civilian nuclear energy .lt;/ref>

Geography

File:India topo big.jpg India, the major portion of the Indian subcontinent, sits atop the Indian Plate a minor plate within the Indo-Australian Plate lt;/ref> Indias defining geological processes commenced seventy-five million years ago, when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana began a northeastwards Plate tectonics lasting fifty million years—across the then unformed Indian Ocean. The subcontinents subsequent collision with the Eurasian Plate and subduction under it, gave rise to the Himalayas the planets highest mountains, which now abut India in the North India and the North-East India In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough (geology) which, having gradually been filled with river-borne sediment,lt;/ref> now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain lt;/ref> To the west of this plain, and cut off from it by the Aravalli Range lies the Thar Desert lt;/ref> The original Indian plate now survives as peninsular India, the oldest and most geologically stable part of India, and extends as far north as the Satpura Range and Vindhya Range ranges in central India. These parallel ranges run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.lt;/ref> To their south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau is flanked on the left and right by the coastal ranges, Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats respectively;lt;/ref> the plateau contains the oldest rock formations in India, some over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6°44 and 35°30 north latitudeIndias northernmost point is the region of the disputed Siachen Glacier in Jammu and Kashmir; however, the Government of India regards the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (including the Northern Areas (Pakistan) currently administered by Pakistan) to be its territory, and therefore assigns the longitude 37° 6 to its northernmost point. and 68°7 and 97°25 east longitude.lt;/ref> Indias coast is long; of this distance, belong to peninsular India, and to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep Islands. According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coast consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches, 11% rocky coast including cliffs, and 46% mudflat or marshy coast. File:India north.jpg in Jammu & Kashmir ]] Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges (Ganga) and the Brahmaputra River both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal lt;/ref> Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi River whose extremely low gradient causes disastrous floods every year. Major peninsular rivers whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding include the Godavari River the Mahanadi River the Kaveri River and the Krishna River which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;lt;/ref> and the Narmada River and the Tapti River which drain into the Arabian Sea lt;/ref> Among notable coastal features of India are the marshy Rann of Kutch in western India, and the alluvial Sundarbans delta, which India shares with Bangladesh.lt;/ref> India has two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep coral atolls off Indias south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea lt;/ref> Indias climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the monsoon .lt;/ref> The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian Katabatic wind from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden southwest summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of Indias rainfall. Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: Climate of India#Tropical wet Climate of India#Tropical dry Climate of India#Subtropical humid and Climate of India#Montane lt;/ref>

Flora and fauna

India, which lies within the Indomalaya ecozone displays significant biodiversity One of eighteen megadiverse countries it is home to 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian, 4.4% of all amphibian, 11.7% of all fish, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species.lt;/ref> Many List of ecoregions in India such as the [[shola]]South Western Ghats montane rain forests exhibit extremely high rates of endemism overall, 33% of Indian plant species are endemic.Botanical Survey of India. 1983. Flora and Vegetation of India — An Outline Botanical Survey of India, Howrah. p. 24.Valmik Thapar, Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent 1997. ISBN 978-0520214705. Indias forest cover ranges from the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests of the Andaman Islands Western Ghats and North-East India to the temperate coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the Shorea robusta dominated moist deciduous forest of eastern India; the teak dominated dry deciduous forest of central and southern India; and the Acacia nilotica dominated deserts and xeric shrublands of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain.Tritsch, M.E. 2001. Wildlife of IndiaHarper Collins, London. 192 pages. ISBN 0-00-711062-6. Important Indian trees include the medicinal neem widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies. The sacred fig fig tree, shown on the seals of Mohenjo-daro shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment. According to latest report, less than 12% of Indias landmass is covered by dense forests.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Deforestation_to_blame_for_early_summer/articleshow/1680433.cms Deforestation to blame for early summer]. Times of India. 26 February 2007. Many Indian species are descendants of taxon originating in Gondwana, from which the Indian plate separated. Indian Plate subsequent plate tectonics towards, and collision with, the Laurasia landmass set off a mass exchange of species. However, Deccan Traps and climatic changes 20 million years ago caused the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.K. Praveen Karanth. (2006). http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf Out-of-India Gondwanan origin of some tropical Asian biota]. Soon thereafter, mammals entered India from Asia through two Zoogeography passes on either side of the emerging Himalaya. Consequently, among Indian species, only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of birds are endemic, contrasting with 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians. Notable endemics are the Nilgiri Langur and the brown and carmine Bufo beddomii of the Western Ghats. India contains 172, or 2.9%, of World Conservation Union designated List of endangered species in India Groombridge, B. (ed). 1993. The 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened AnimalsIUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. lvi + 286 pp. These include the Asiatic Lion the Bengal Tiger and the Indian White-rumped Vulture which suffered a near-extinction from ingesting the carrion of diclofenac treated cattle. In recent decades, human encroachment has posed a threat to Indias wildlife; in response, the system of National parks of India and protected areas of India first established in 1935, was substantially expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 lt;ref>lt;/ref> and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial habitat; in addition, the Forest Conservation Actlt;/ref> was enacted in 1980. Along with Wildlife sanctuaries of India India hosts Biosphere reserves of India lt;/ref> four of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves List of Ramsar Sites in India are registered under the Ramsar Convention lt;/ref>

Economy

File:BSE.jpg in Mumbai is Asias oldest and Indias largest stock exchange by market capitalisation ]] In 2009, Indias nominal GDP stood at Trillion dollar club which makes it the List of countries by GDP (nominal) economy in the world. If purchasing power parity is taken into account, Indias economy is the List of countries by GDP (PPP) in the world at US$3.561 trillion,lt;/ref> corresponding to a per capita income of US$3,100.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html?countryNameIndia&countryCodein®ionCodesas&rank165#in Country Comparison :: GDP – per capita (PPP)] The country ranks 139th in List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita and 128th in List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita lt;/ref> With an average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% for the past two decades, India is one of the List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate lt;/ref> India has the worlds second largest Labour in India with 516.3 million people. In terms of output, the agricultural sector accounts for 28% of GDP; the service and industrial sectors make up 54% and 18% respectively. Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry; fish. Major industries include textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, food processing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software. Indias trade has reached a relatively moderate share of 24% of GDP in 2006, up from 6% in 1985. In 2008, Indias share of world trade was about 1.68%.lt;/ref> Major exports include petroleum products, textile goods, gems and jewelry, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and leather manufactures. Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, chemicals. From the 1950s to the 1980s, India followed Socialist economics inspired policies. The economy was shackled by License Raj protectionism, and public ownership, leading to pervasive Corruption in India and slow economic growth.lt;/ref> In 1991, the nation Economic liberalisation in India and has since moved towards a market economy lt;/ref>lt;/ref> The policy change in 1991 came after an acute balance of payments crisis, and the emphasis since then has been to use foreign trade and foreign investment as integral parts of Indias economy.lt;/ref> Currently, Indias economic system is portrayed as a Capitalism model with the influx of Privately held company File:Nano.jpg the worlds cheapest car.lt;/ref> Indias annual car exports have surged fivefold in the past five years.lt;/ref>]]In the late 2000s, Indias economic growth averaged 7.5% a year. Over the past 2000s (decade) hourly wage rates in India have more than doubled.http://www.csmonitor.com/Money/The-Daily-Reckoning/2010/0320/Make-way-world.-India-is-on-the-move Make way, world. India is on the move.], [[Christian Science Monitor]] In 2009, the Global Competitiveness Report ranked India 16th in financial market sophistication, 24th in banking sector, 27th in business sophistication and 30th in innovation; ahead of several advanced economies.lt;/ref> Seven of the worlds top 15 technology outsourcing companies are based in India and the country is viewed as the second most favourable outsourcing destination after the United States.lt;/ref> Despite Indias impressive economic growth over recent decades, it still contains the poverty in India of poor people in the world. The percentage of people living below the World Bank s international poverty line of $1.25 a day (Purchasing power parity in nominal terms 21.6 a day in urban areas and 14.3 in rural areas in 2005) decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005.lt;/ref> Since 1991, inter-state List of Indian states by GDP in India has consistently grown; the per capita Net domestic product of Indias richest states is about 3.2 times that of the poorest states.lt;/ref> Even though India has avoided Famine in India in recent decades, half of children are underweight lt;ref name"underweight">lt;/ref> and about 46% of Indian children under the age of three suffer from Malnutrition in India lt;/ref>lt;/ref> A 2007 Goldman Sachs report projected that "from 2007 to 2020, India’s GDP per capita will quadruple," and that the Indian GDP will surpass that of the United States before 2050, but India "will remain a low-income country for several decades, with per capita incomes well below its other BRIC peers."lt;/ref> Although the Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades; its growth has been uneven when comparing different social groups, economic groups, geographic regions, and rural and urban areas. The World Bank suggests that India must continue to focus on public sector reform, infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal of labour regulations, improvement in transport, energy security, and health and nutrition.lt;/ref>

Demographics

File:India population density map en.svg With an estimated population of 1.2 billion,lt;/ref> India is the worlds second most populous country. The last 50 years have seen a rapid increase in population due to History of medicine#Modern medicine and massive increase in agricultural productivity due to the "Green Revolution in India .http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4994590.stm The end of Indias green revolution?]. BBC News. 29 May 2006.http://www.foodfirst.org/media/opeds/2000/4-greenrev.html Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy]. Indias urban population increased 11-fold during the twentieth century and is increasingly concentrated in Status of Indian cities By 2001 there were 35 million-plus cities in India with the List of most populous metropolitan areas in India with a population of over 10 million each, being Mumbai Delhi and Kolkata However, as of 2001, more than 70% of Indias population continues to reside in rural areas.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> India is the worlds most culturally, linguistically and genetically diverse geographical entity after the African continent lt;/ref> India is home to two major Languages of India Indo-Aryan languages (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian languages (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic languages and Tibeto-Burman languages linguistic families. Neither the Constitution of India nor any Law of India defines any [[national language]]lt;/ref> Hindi, with the largest number of speakers,lt;/ref> is the official language of the Government of India Mallikarjun, B. (Nov., 2004), http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2004/mallikarjunmalaysiapaper1.html Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi–The Official Language of India], http://www.languageinindia.com/index.html Language in India, Volume 4, Number 11. ISSN 1930-2940. English is used extensively in business and administration and has the status of a subsidiary official language;lt;/ref> it is also important in Education in India especially as a medium of higher education In addition, every Federated state and union territory has its own official languages, and the constitution also recognises in particular 21 "scheduled languages". As per the 2001 census, over 800 million Indians (80.5%) were Hinduism Other religious groups include Islam in India (13.4%), Christianity in India (2.3%), Sikhism (1.9%), Buddhism (0.8%), Jainism (0.4%), Jews Parsi people and Bahá'í Faith lt;/ref> Adivasi constitute 8.1% of the population.lt;/ref> India has the Islam by country#List Muslim population in the world and has the highest population of Muslims for a non-List of Muslim majority countries Indias literacy rate is 64.8% (53.7% for females and 75.3% for males). The state of Kerala has the highest literacy rate at 91% while Bihar has the lowest at 47%.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> The national human sex ratio is 944 females per 1,000 males. Indias median age is 24.9, and the population growth of 1.38% per annum; there are 22.01 births per 1,000 people per year. Though India has one of the worlds most diverse and modern healthcare systems, the country continues to face several public health-related challenges.lt;/ref> According to the World Health Organization, 900,000 Indians die each year from drinking contaminated water and breathing in polluted air.lt;/ref> There are about 60 physicians per 100,000 people in India.lt;/ref>

Culture

File:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg in Agra was built by Shah Jahan as memorial to wife Mumtaz Mahal It is one of the New Seven Wonders of the World and a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered to be of "outstanding universal value".lt;/ref>]] Indias culture is marked by a high degree of syncretism lt;ref>lt;/ref> and cultural pluralism.lt;/ref> Indias cultural tradition dates back to 8,000 BCElt;/ref> and has a continuously recorded history for over 2,500 years.lt;/ref> With its roots based in the Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation the Indian culture took a distinctive shape during the 11th century BCE Vedic age which laid the foundation of Hindu philosophy Hindu mythology Hindu texts and beliefs and practices, such as Dharma Karma yoga and moksha lt;/ref> It has managed to preserve established traditions while absorbing new customs, traditions, and ideas from invaders and immigrants and spreading its Indian cultural sphere to other parts of Asia, mainly South East Asia and East Asia Indian religions form one of the most defining aspects of Indian culture.lt;/ref> Major dhármic religions which were founded in India include Hinduism Buddhism and Jainism Considered to be a successor to the Historical Vedic religion Stietencron, Hinduism: On the Proper Use of A Deceptive Term pp.1–22 Hinduism has been shaped by several schools of thoughts such as the [[Advaita Vedanta]]http://books.google.com/books?id63gdKwhHeV0C "Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction,"] By Eliot Deutsch, University of Hawaii Press, 1980, ISBN 0-8248-0271-3. the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]]and the Bhakti Buddhism originated in India in 5th century BCE and prominent early Buddhist schools, such as [[Theravāda]]and [[Mahāyāna]] gained dominance during the Maurya Empire Though Buddhism entered a period of gradual Decline of Buddhism in India 5th century CE onwards,Merriam-Webster, pg. 155–157 it played an influential role in shaping Indian philosophy and thought.lt;/ref> Traditional Indian society is defined by relatively strict social hierarchy. The Indian caste system describes the social stratification and social restrictions in the Indian subcontinent, in which social classes are defined by thousands of endogamy hereditary groups, often termed as [[jāti]]sor caste ."http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46404/Caste India – Caste]". Encyclopædia BritannicaOnline. Several influential social reform movements, such as the [[Brahmo Samaj|Bramho Shômaj]] the [[Arya Samaj|Arya Samāja]]and the Ramakrishna Mission have played a pivotal role in the emancipation of Dalits (or "untouchables") and other shudra in India.lt;/ref> However, the majority of Dalits continue to live in segregation and are often persecution of Dalits against."http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/03/02/india-dalits.html UN report slams India for caste discrimination]". CBC News. 2 March 2007. Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, and multi-generational patriarchal joint family have been the norm, although nuclear family are becoming common in urban areas. An overwhelming majority of Indians Arranged marriage in India by their parents and other respected family members, with the consent of the bride and groom.lt;/ref> Marriage is thought to be for life, and the divorce rate is extremely low.lt;/ref> Child marriage is still a common practice, with half of women in India marrying before the legal age of 18.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Indian cuisine is characterised by a wide variety of regional styles and sophisticated use of herbs and spices. The staple foods in the region are rice (especially in the south and the east) and wheat (predominantly in the north).Delphine, Roger, "The History and Culture of Food in Asia", in lt;/ref> Indian spices such as black pepper which are now consumed world wide, are originally native to the Indian subcontinent. Chili pepper which was introduced by the Portuguese India is also widely used in Indian cuisine. lt;/ref> Traditional Indian dress varies across the regions in its colours and styles and depends on various factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men; in addition, stitched clothes such as salwar kameez for women and kurta pajama and European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular. Many Public holidays in India are religious in origin, although several are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed. Some popular festivals are Diwali Ganesh Chaturthi Ugadi Thai Pongal Holi Onam Vijayadashami Durga Puja Eid ul-Fitr Bakr-Id Christmas, Vesak Day of Ashura and Vaisakhi lt;/ref>lt;/ref> India has National days in India which are observed in all states and union territories — Republic Day (India) Independence Day (India) and Gandhi Jayanthi Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve, are officially observed in individual states. Religious practices are an integral part of everyday life and are a very public affair. Indian architecture is one area that represents the diversity of Indian culture. Much of it, including notable monuments such as the Taj Mahal and other examples of Mughal architecture and Dravidian architecture comprises a blend of ancient and varied local traditions from several parts of the country and abroad. Indian vernacular architecture also displays notable regional variation. Music of India covers a wide range of traditions and regional styles. Indian classical music largely encompasses the two genres – North Indian Hindustani classical music South Indian Carnatic music traditions and their various offshoots in the form of regional folk music. Regionalised forms of popular music include filmi and Indian folk music the syncretic tradition of the [[baul]]sis a well-known form of the latter. Dance in India too has diverse folkand classicalforms. Among the well-known Indian folk dances are the [[bhangra]]of the Punjab, the [[bihu]]of Assam, the [[Chhau dance|chhau]]of West Bengal Jharkhand , [[sambalpuri]]of Orissa , the [[ghoomar]]of Rajasthan and the [[Lavani]]of Maharashtra. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded Classical Indian dance by Indias [[Sangeet Natak Akademi|National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama]] These are: [[bharatanatyam]]of the state of Tamil Nadu [[kathak]]of Uttar Pradesh, [[kathakali]]and [[mohiniyattam]]of Kerala, [[kuchipudi]]of Andhra Pradesh [[Manipuri dance|manipuri]]of Manipur, [[odissi]]of Orissa and the [[Sattriya dance|sattriya]]of Assam.1. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/South-Asian-arts/65246/Indian-dance "South Asian arts: Techniques and Types of Classical Dance"] From: Encyclopædia BritannicaOnline. 12 Oct. 2007. 2. Sangeet Natak Academi (National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama, New Delhi, India). 2007. http://www.sangeetnatak.org/programmes_recognition&honours_dance.html Dance Programmes]. 3. Kothari, Sunil. 2007. http://www.rhul.ac.uk/Drama/News-and-Events/Events_archive/KothariLecture.html Sattriyadance of the celibate monks of Assam, India]. Royal Holloway College, University of London. Theatre in India often incorporates music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue. Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances, and news of social and political events, Indian theatre includes the [[bhavai]]of state of Gujarat, the [[Jatra (Bengal)|jatra]]of West Bengal, the [[nautanki]]and [[ramlila]]of North India, the [[tamasha]]of Maharashtra, the [[burrakatha]]of Andhra Pradesh, the [[terukkuttu]]of Tamil Nadu, and the [[yakshagana]]of Karnataka. Quote: "The {{IAST|Yakṣagāna}}folk-theatre is no isolated theatrical form in India. We have a number of such theatrical traditions all around Karnataka... In far off Assam we have similar plays going on by the name of Ankia Nat in neighouring Bengal we have the very popular Jatraplays. Maharashtra has Tamasa (p. 26.) The Cinema of India is the largest in the world.lt;/ref> Bollywood based in Mumbai, makes commercial Hindi films and is the most prolific film industry in the world. Established traditions also exist in Cinema of Assam Bengali cinema Cinema of Karnataka Malayalam cinema Marathi cinema Cinema of Orissa Tamil cinema and Cinema of Andhra Pradesh language cinemas.lt;/ref> The earliest works of Indian literature were transmitted orally and only later written down.lt;/ref> These included works of Sanskrit literature amp;nbsp;– such as the early Vedas the epic poetry Mahābhārata and Ramayana the drama The Recognition of Śakuntalā and poetry such as the [[Sanskrit literature#Classical poetry|Mahākāvya]]lt;ref> and  – and the Tamil language Sangam literature 1. Encyclopaedia Britannica(2008), http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-9071111/Tamil-literature "Tamil Literature."] Quote: "Apart from literature written in classical (Indo-Aryan) Sanskrit, Tamil is the oldest literature in India. Some inscriptions on stone have been dated to the 3rd century BC, but Tamil literature proper begins around the 1st century AD. Much early poetry was religious or epic; an exception was the secular court poetry written by members of the sangam or literary academy (see Sangam literature)." 2. http://books.google.com/books?idnIybE0HRvdQC&pgPR9&vqeight+anthologies&sourcegbs_search_r&cad0_1&sigACfU3U3yAk-LoJIs-AdWHCw9nU-OjLUyJA Quote]: "These poems are classical, i.e. early, ancient; they are also classics, i.e. works that have stood the test of time, the founding works of a whole tradition. Not to know them is not to know a unique and major poetic achievement of Indian civilisation. Early classical Tamil literature (c. 100 BC–AD 250) consists of the Eight Anthologies (Eţţuttokai, the Ten Long Poems (Pattuppāţţu, and a grammar called the Tolkāppiyamor the Old Composition. ... The literature of classical Tamil later came to be known as Cankam(pronounced Sangam literature. (pp. ix–x.)" Among Indian writers of the modern era active in Indian languages or Indian English literature Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize in 1913.

Sport

File:IPL T20 Chennai vs Kolkata.JPG Twenty20 cricket match being played between the Chennai Super Kings and Kolkata Knight Riders ] Indias official national sport is Field hockey in India administered by Hockey India The Indian field hockey team won the 1975 Hockey World Cup and 8 Gold medal 1 Silver medal and 2 Bronze medal medals at the Olympic games,the highest from any national team. However, cricket is the most popular sport; the India national cricket team won the 1983 Cricket World Cup and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 and shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka India has also won the Asia Cup a record five times.Cricket in India is administered by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI); and domestic competitions include the Ranji Trophy the Duleep Trophy the Deodhar Trophy the Irani Trophy and the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy In addition, BCCI conducts the Indian Premier League a Twenty20 competition. Tennis has become increasingly popular, owing to the victories of the India Davis Cup team Association football is also a popular sport in northeast India West Bengal Goa Tamil Nadu and Kerala lt;/ref> The Indian national football team has won the South Asian Football Federation Cup several times. Chess commonly held to have Origins of chess#India in India, is also gaining popularity with the rise in the number of Indian Grandmaster (chess) lt;/ref> Vishwanathan Anand an Indian Grandmaster,has won the World Chess Championship four times. Traditional sports include kabaddi kho kho and gilli-danda which are played nationwide. India is also home to the ancient Indian martial arts Kalarippayattu and Varma Kalai The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award are Indias highest awards for achievements in sports, while the Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching. The Jaypee Group Circuit in Greater Noida will be the upcoming hosts of the Indian Grand Prix in 2011.India has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the 2003 Afro-Asian Games and the 2007 Military World Games India has also hosted or co-hosted the 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games the 1987 Cricket World Cup and 1996 Cricket World Cup It has also successfully hosted the 2010 Men's Hockey World Cup and is scheduled to host the 2010 Commonwealth Games and later the 2011 Cricket World Cup

See also

Notes

The Government of India also considers Afghanistan to be a bordering country. This is because it considers the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir to be a part of India including the portion bordering Afghanistan. A ceasefire sponsored by the United Nations in 1948 froze the positions of Indian and Pakistani-held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistan-administered Kashmir

Citations

References

;History * * * * * * * * ;Geography * * * * ;Flora and fauna * * * * * * * ;Culture * * * * * * * * * * * *

External links

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