Hispanic ( is a term that originally denoted a relationship to the ancient Hispania a country that geographically coincided with the Iberian Peninsula During the Modern Era Hispanicsometimes takes on a more limited meaning, relating to the contemporary nation of Spain one of the successor states of Hispania. The term is thus applied to Hispanophone countries, and to people in the United States who are of Spanish or Hispanic America origin. Cultural elements (Spanish names, the Spanish language, Spanish customs, etc) and people known as Hispaniccan also be found in other areas that were formerly part of the Spanish Empire such as in Equatorial Guinea in Africa and the Philippines Guam and other areas of the former Spanish East Indies in the Pacific Ocean

Terminology

File:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 72.jpg was a Hispano-Roman Emperor born in Hispania Baetica (modern-day Spain .]] The term Hispanicis derived from Hispanicus which derived from Hispania(Iberian Peninsula), both of them Latin terms. Hispaniamay in turn derive from Latin Hispanus or from Greek language Hispania and Hispanos probably from Celtiberian language lt;ref nameHarper>Also: http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?searchSpain&searchmodenone etymology of "Spain"], on the same site. or from Basque language Ezpannahttp://books.google.com/books?idS1lDAAAAIAAJ&printsecfrontcoverdqA+System+of+Ancient+and+Medi%C3%A6val+Geography+for+the+Use+of+Schools+and+Colleges Anthon, Charles. A System of Ancient and Mediæval Geography for the Use of Schools and Colleges pg.14] The words Spain Spanish and Spaniardare of the same etymology as Hispanic ultimately. Hispanuswas the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman Empire In English, the term Hispano-Romanis sometimes used.lt;/ref> The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from many Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm Povos Pré-Romanos da Península Ibérica] A map showing the various Pre-Roman peoples of Iberia. Some famous Hispani(plural of Hispanus were Seneca the Elder Seneca the Younger Marcus Annaeus Lucanus Martial Prudentius the Roman Emperor Trajan Hadrian and Theodosius I and also Magnus Maximus and Maximus of Hispania Here follows a comparison of several terms related to Hispanic *Hispaniawas the name of the Iberian Peninsula Iberia from the 3rd century BC to the 8th AD, both as a Roman Empire province and immediately thereafter as a Visigothic kingdom 5th–8th century AD. *Hispano-Romanis used to refer to the culture and Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula of Hispania, ancestors of the Portuguese people and Spanish people .http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266981/Hispano-Roman Britannica.com]http://books.google.com/books?id1VCi0V2oBSkC&pgPA115&dqculture+Hispano-Roman&lr&as_brr3 Books.Google.com] *Hispanicis used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world and particularly the Americas http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/hispanic?viewuk Ask Oxford]http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Hispanic Merriam Webster Online] *Spanishis used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language and other things of Spain. *Spaniardis used to refer to the people of Spain. Prior to the marriage of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, the four Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, namely the Kingdom of Portugal the Crown of Aragon the Crown of Castile and the Kingdom of Navarre were collectively referred to as Hispania- the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. This revival of the old Roman name in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provence and appears to be first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance the four kingdoms shared one vote. Portugal adopted the word "Lusitanic ,http://www.iltec.pt/mordebe/?actionbrowse&l1l&l2u MorDebe. uma Base de Dados Morfológica de Português ] or "Lusitanians to refer to its culture and people, in reference to the Lusitanians one of the first Proto-Indo-Europeans tribes to settle in Europe. From this tribes name had derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania which was a part of Roman province of Hispania, and :la:Lusitania remains Portugals name in Latin. The expansion of the Spanish Empire between 1492 and 1898 brought thousands of Spanish migrants to the conquered lands, who established settlements, mainly in the Americas but also in other distant parts of the world, producing a number of multiracial populations. Today the term Hispanic is typically applied to the varied populations of these places, including those with insignificant or no Spanish ancestry.

Definitions in the United States

The terms Hispanicand [[Latino]]tend to be used interchangeably in the United States for people with origins in Spanish–speaking countries, like Mexico (see Dan Macri). Latino from American Spanish is used in some cases as an abbreviation for latinoamericanoor "Latin America ".http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?termLatino Online Etymology Dictionary] Latino/Latinoamericano In other Hispanophone countries, Hispanicand Latinoare not commonly used. The term "Latin American" was used for the first time in the nineteenth century when the French occupied Mexico (1862–1867), leading to the Second Mexican Empire and wanted to be included in what is considered Spanish America. The 1970 United States Census was the first time that a "Hispanic" identifier was used and data collected with the question. The definition of "Hispanic" has been modified in each successive census. The 2000 United States Census asked if the person was "Spanish/Hispanic/Latino".http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0075/twps0075.html#f1 Aruthur R. Crese, Audrey Dianne Schmidley and Roberto R. Ramirez], Identification of Hispanic Ethnicity in Census 2000: Analysis of Data Quality for the Question on Hispanic Origin, Population Division Working Paper No. 75, U.S. Census Bureau, July 27, 2004 Revised July 9, 2008]. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget currently defines "Hispanic or Latino as "a person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race".http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html OMB, Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity (1997)] This definition excludes people of Portuguese origins, such as Portuguese Americans or Brazilian Americans However, they are included in some government agencies definitions. For example, the United States Department of Transportation defines Hispanicto include, "persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central or South American, or others Spanish or Portuguese culture or origin, regardless of race."http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/civilrights/faq.htm U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Civil Rights], "What is a Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE)?" This definition has been adopted by the Small Business Administration as well as many federal, state, and municipal agencies for the purposes of awarding government contracts to minority owned businesses. Still, other government agencies adopt definitions that exclude people from Spain since there is a distinct ethnic difference (indigenous American or European American). Some others include people from Brazil but not Spain or Portugal The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission encourages any individual who believes that he or she is Hispanic according to the U.S. Office of Management and Budget definition (any Spanish culture or origin) to self-identify as Hispanic.http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2005/05-23359.htm 70 Fed. Reg. 71296] The United States Department of Labor - Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs encourages the same self-identification.http://www.dol.gov/esa/ofccp/regs/compliance/faqs/emprfaqs.htm#Q10 Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs FAQ-10] and http://www.dol.gov/esa/ofccp/regs/compliance/faqs/emprfaqs.htm#Q13 FAQ-13] As a result, any individual who traces his or her origins to part of the Spanish Empire may self-identify as Hispanic, because an employer may not override an individuals self-identification.http://www.dol.gov/esa/ofccp/regs/compliance/faqs/emprfaqs.htm#Q26 Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs FAQ-26]

Hispanicization

Hispanicization is the process by which a place or a person absorbs characteristics of Hispanic society and culture.Hispanic Spaces, Latino Places: Community and Cultural Diversity in Contemporary America, 2004. Edited by Dan Arreola, found in Chapter 14 "Hispanization of Hereford, Texas"http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/censr-18.pdf US Bureau of the Census, 2004] (see page 10).Hispanic Community Types and Assimilation in Mex-America 1998. Haverluk, Terrence W. The Professional Geographer, 50(4) pages 465-480. Modern hispanization of a place, namely in the United States, might be illustrated by Spanish language media and businesses. Hispanization of a person might be illustrated by speaking Spanish, making and eating Latin food, listening to Spanish language music, dressing in Hispanic styles or participating in Hispanic festivals and holidays - Hispanization of those outside the Hispanic community as opposed to Cultural assimilation of Hispanics into theirs. In the United States, English-speaking culture has long been the dominant culture and, historically, U.S. immigrants have assimilated by the third generation. One reason Hispanic advocates claim the assimilation of Hispanics in the U.S. is not comparable to that of other cultural groups is that Hispanic and Latino Americans have been living in parts of North America for centuries, in many cases well before the English-speaking culture became dominant. For example, California Texas Colorado New Mexico (1598), Arizona Nevada and Florida have been home to Hispanic peoples since the 16th century, long before the U.S. gained independence from Kingdom of Great Britain These and other Spanish-speaking territories were part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and later Mexico before these regions joined or were taken by the United States in 1848. Some cities in the U.S. were founded by Spanish settlers in the 16th century, prior to the creation of the Thirteen Colonies For example, San Miguel de Galdape, Pensacola, Florida and St. Augustine, Florida were founded in 1526, 1559 and 1565 respectively, Santa Fe, New Mexico was founded in 1604, and Albuquerque, New Mexico was established in 1660. Therefore, in some parts of the U.S., the Hispanic cultural legacy predates British influence. For this reason, according to Hispanic advocates, many generations have largely maintained their cultural traditions and Spanish language However, Spanish-speaking persons in the above-listed areas amounted to only a few thousand people when they became part of the United States; a large majority of current Hispanic residents are descended from Hispanics who entered the United States in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Language retention is a common index to assimilation and according to the 2000 census, about 75 percent of all Hispanics spoke Spanish in the home. Spanish language retention rates vary geographically; parts of Texas and New Mexico have language retention rates over 90 percent, whereas in parts of Colorado and California, retention rates are lower than 30 percent. Hispanic retention rates are high in parts of Texas and New Mexico and along the U.S. - Mexico border because the percentage of Hispanics living in those areas is also high. Laredo, Texas Chimayo, New Mexico Nogales, Arizona and Coachella, California for example, all have Hispanic populations greater than 90 percent. In these pockets, Hispanics have always been the majority population. These communities are known within the Hispanic community or Hispanidad as "continuous communities" because Hispanics have continuously been the majority population since they were settled in the 16th or 17th centuries. Interestingly, non-Hispanic Americans moving into these communities often Hispanicize, creating a situation where assimilation and Hispanization are one and the same.

Spanish-speaking countries and regions

| class"wikitable" align"right" line-height"0.87em" |-valign"top" border"1" style"background:#FFFF00;" | align"center" |[[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking countries]] lt;/small> |- |File:Castellano lengua oficial.png ] |- | |} Today, Spanish language is among the List of languages by number of native speakers of the world. During the period of the Spanish Empire from 1492 and 1898, many people migrated from Spain to the conquered lands. The Spaniard brought with them the Castillian language and culture, and in this Spanish colonization of the Americas created a global empire with a diverse population. Miscegenation between peoples in the colonies led to the creation of the new mixed peoples, chiefly mestizo and mulatto , in many countries. Genetically, the Spaniards are typically European and are believed to be the longest continuously established population in Europe; they also have small traces of many peoples from the rest of Europe, the Near East and the Mediterranean areas of northern Africa.http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361/T03 Estimating the impact of demic diffusion]http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf World Haplogroups Maps] The Hispanic countries, including Spain, are also inhabited by peoples of non-Spanish ancestry, to widely varying extents.

Language and Ethnicities in Spanish-Speaking Areas Around the World

| class"wikitable" style"text-align:center; line-height: 1.25em" ! Continent/Region ! Country/Territory ! Languages Spoken https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html#2098 CIA World Factbook] Language Notes ! Ethnic Groups https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html#2075 CIA World Factbook] Ethnicity Notes ! Picture ! References |- ! Europe | [[Spain]] | Spanish language (official) 89%, Catalan language 9%, Galician language 5%, Basque language 1%, are official regionally. (Spanish is spoken by 100% of the population, over 100% indicates bilingual population).).http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_en.pdf Europeans and their Languages - Special Eurobarometer]; resumen en castellano: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_es.pdfEC.europa.eu] Encuesta realizada entre noviembre y diciembre de 2005 por la European Commission Universo: 1025 entrevistados en España. Nótese que los encuestados podían responder varias opciones simultáneamente, por lo que la suma total no es del 100%. | 88.0% Spanish people 12.0% others (Romanian people British people Moroccan people Latin Americans German people (2009)
(See: [[Spanish people]] | File:ValladolidAyto 20-4-03.JPG | lt;/ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.html CIA World Factbook] Spain |- !rowspan"2"| North America | [[Mexico]] | Spanish language 92.7%, Spanish and indigenous languages 5.7%, indigenous only 0.8%, unspecified 0.8%; (Indigenous languages include Mayan languages Nahuatl and other) (2005) | Mestizo (European-Amerindian) 60-70%,http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/MexicoBritannica.com] Indigenous peoples in Mexico (or predominantly Amerindian) 12-18%, White Mexican (or predominantly White) 9-17%https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html CIA Mexico], other (incluiding Afro-Mexican minority) 1%
(See: [[Mexican people]])lt;/small> |File:Zocalo cathedral.jpg | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html CIA World Factbook] Mexico |- | [[United States]] | English language 80.3%, Spanish language 12.2%, other Indo-European 3.8%, Asian and Pacific island 2.7%, other 0.7% (2000 census) (Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii). (Note: While the U.S. is an English speaking country, it has always had Spanish-speakers in the American West/Southwest and Florida, and immigration from Hispanic countries has increased the Spanish speaking population in the United States. About three-quarters of Spanish speakers in the United States speak English "well" or "very well".Census Bureau (2008):[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GRTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-_box_head_nbr=R1602&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-redoLog=false&-format=US-30&-mt_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_R1602_US30&-CONTEXT=grt], [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S1601&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false]) | [[White American|White]] 79.96%, [[African American|Black]] 12.85%, [[Asian American|Asian]] 4.43%, [[Native Americans in the United States|Amerindian]] and [[Alaska Native]] 0.97%, [[Native Hawaiian]] and other Pacific islanders 0.18%, two or more races 1.61% (July 2007 estimate) (Note: a separate listing for Hispanic and Latino Americans is not included because the U.S. Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin American descent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican origin) living in the U.S. who may be of any race or ethnic group (white, black, Asian, etc.); about 15.1% of the total U.S. population is Hispanic). |[[File:Alamo Mission, San Antonio.jpg|120x120px]] | [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html CIA World Factbook] The United States |- !rowspan="7"| [[Central America]] | Belize | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] 43%, [[Belizean Creole]] 37%, [[Mayan languages|Mayan dialects]] 7.8%, [[English language|English]] 5.6% (official), [[German language|German]] 3.2%, [[Garifuna language|Garifuna]] 2%, other 1.5% | [[Mestizo]] 34%, [[Belizean Kriol people|Kriol]] 25%, Spanish{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} 15%, [[Maya peoples]] 10.6%, [[Garifuna people|Garifuna]] 6.1%, other 11% (2000 census)
See:Belizean people | [[File:Belmopan Parliament.jpg|120x120px]] | {{cite web|url= http://celade.cepal.org/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPVBLZ2000&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl|title= Belize 2000 Housing and Population Census|accessdate=2008-10-11|year=2000|publisher=Belize Central Statistical Office}} |- | Costa Rica | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (official) | [[White Latin Americans|White]] 85%, [[Mestizo]] 10%, [[Afro-Costa Rican|Black]] 3%, [[Amerindian]] 1%, Chinese 1% |[[File:TemploParroquialdeSanIsidroCoronado.JPG|120x120px]] | [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html CIA World Factbook] Costa Rica |- | El Salvador | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (official), [[Nahuatl]] (minority) | [[Mestizo]] 90%, [[White Latin Americans|White]] 9%, [[Amerindian]] 1% ||[[File:Catedral de Santa Ana, El Salvador.jpg|120x120px]] | [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/es.html CIA World Factbook] El Salvador |- | Guatemala | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] 70%, Amerindian languages 30% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including [[Kichelanguage|Kiche]], Kaqchikel language Q'eqchi' language Mam language Garifuna language and Xinca language . | Mestizo (in local Spanish called Ladino and White Latin Americans 59.4%, K'iche' people 9.1%, Kaqchikel people 8.4%, Mam people 7.9%, Q'eqchi' people 6.3%, other Maya peoples 8.6%, indigenous non-Mayan 0.2%, other 0.1% (2001 census) |File:Catedral Metropolitana, Guatemala City.jpg | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html CIA World Factbook] Guatemala |- | [[Honduras]] | Spanish language various Amerindian languages | Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%, Afro-Latin American 2%, White Latin Americans 1% |File:23 Teguc Hauptpl.JPG | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ho.html CIA World Factbook] Honduras |- | [[Nicaragua]] | Spanish language 97.5% (official), Miskito language 1.7%, others 0.8% (1995 census) (English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast). | Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 69%, White Latin Americans 17%, Afro-Latin American 9%, Amerindian 5% |File:Antigua Catedral de Managua.JPG | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nu.html CIA World Factbook] Nicaragua |- | [[Panama]] | Spanish language (official), English language 14% (bilingual) | Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 70%, Amerindian and mixed (West Indian) 14%, White Latin Americans 10%, Amerindian 6% |File:Catedral panama viejo.jpg | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pm.html CIA World Factbook] Panama |- !rowspan"9"| South America | [[Argentina]] | Spanish language (official), other European and Amerindian languages | White Argentine (mostly from Spanish Argentine and Italian Argentine ancestries) 89%; Mestizo Indigenous peoples in Argentina and other non-White groups (incluiding Arab Argentine Asian Argentine and Afro Argentine minorities) 11%
(See: [[Argentinian people]])lt;/small> |File:Catedral de Salta (552008).jpg | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html CIA World Factbook] Argentina |- | [[Bolivia]] | Spanish language 60.7% (official), Quechua language 21.2% (official), Aymara language 14.6% (official), foreign languages 2.4%, other 1.2% (2001 census) | Quechua people 30%, Mestizo (mixed White and Amerindian ancestry) 30%, Aymara people 25%, White Latin Americans 15%, Afro Bolivian minority. |File:Puerta de la Iglesia San Lorenzo Potosí Bolivia.jpg | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.html CIA World Factbook] Bolivia |- | [[Chile]] | Spanish language (official), Mapudungun other European languages | White Latin Americans 52,7%, Mestizo 44,1%, Indigenous peoples in Chile 3,2%
(See: [[Chilean people]])lt;/small> |File:Catedral de Santiago.JPG |lt;/ref> |- | [[Colombia]] | Spanish language (official) | Mestizo 58%, White Colombian 20%, Mulatto 14%, Afro-Colombian 4%, mixed Black-Amerindian 3%, Indigenous peoples in Colombia 1%
(See: [[Colombian people]])lt;/small> |File:Cartagena05.jpg | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/co.html CIA World Factbook] Colombia |- | [[Ecuador]] | Spanish language (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua language | Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and White) 65%, Indigenous peoples in Ecuador 25%, White Latin Americans 7%, Afro Ecuadorian 3% |File:Quito pl de la Independencia 2006 01.jpg | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ec.html CIA World Factbook] Ecuador |- | [[Paraguay]] | Spanish language (official), Paraguayan Guaraní language (official) | Mestizo (mixed European and Amerindian) 95%, other 5% |File:Paraguay church.jpg | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pa.html CIA World Factbook] Paraguay |- | [[Peru]] | Spanish language (official), Quechua language (official), Aymara language and a large number of minor Amazonian languages | Indigenous peoples in Peru 45%, Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and White) 37%, European Peruvian 15%, Afro-Peruvian Asian Peruvian and others 3% |File:Casa de Osambela.JPG | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html CIA World Factbook] Peru |- | [[Uruguay]] | Spanish language (official) | White Latin Americans 88%, Mestizo 8%, Afro-Uruguayan 4%, Amerindian practically nonexistent) |File:Ciudad Vieja de Montevideo.jpg | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uy.html CIA World Factbook] Uruguay |- | [[Venezuela]] | Spanish language (official), numerous indigenous dialects | Mestizos (mixed Amerindian and White), White Venezuelan Afro-Latin American and Amerindians
(See: [[Venezuelan people]])lt;/small> |File:Casa natal del Libertador.JPG | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html CIA World Factbook] Venezuela |- !rowspan"3"| Caribbean | [[Cuba]] | Spanish language (official) | White Latin Americans 65.1% (mostly Spanish), Mulatto and Mestizo 24.8%, Afro-Cuban 10.1% (2002 census)
(See: [[Cubans]])lt;/small> |File:Capitolio and Grand Teatro de La Habana.jpg | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html CIA World Factbook] Cuba |- | [[Dominican Republic]] | Spanish language (official) | Mixed 73%, White Latin Americans 16%, Afro-Latin American 11% |File:Calle Colonial en Santo Domingo.jpg | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html CIA World Factbook] Dominican Republic |- | [[Puerto Rico]] lt;br/> (Territory of the U.S. with Commonwealth status) | Spanish language English language | White Latin Americans (mostly of Spanish acenstry) 76.2%, Black history of Puerto Rico 6.9%, Asian 0.3%, Amerindian 0.2%, mixed 4.4%, other 12% (2007) | File:Historic house in Cabo Rojo, PR.jpg | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html CIA World Factbook] Puerto Rico |- !rowspan"2"| Africa | [[Equatorial Guinea]] | Spanish language 67.6% (official), other 32.4% (includes the other 2 official languages - French language and Portuguese language Fang language Bube language Annobonese Igbo Krio Pichinglis and English language (1994 census)
Note: Equatorial Guinea was the only Spanish colony in Sub-Saharan Africa. | Fang people 85.7%, Bubi people 6.5%, Mdowe 3.6%, Annobon 1.6%, Bujeba 1.1%, other 1.4% (1994 census) |File:Malabo a 13-oct-01.jpg | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html CIA World Factbook] Equatorial Guinea |- | Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | Spanish language (official), Arabic language (official), French language (de facto) | | | |- | [[Polynesia]] | Easter Island lt;br />Territory of Chile lt;/small> | Spanish language (official), Rapa Nui language | Rapanui |File:AhuTongariki.JPG | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html CIA World Factbook] Chile (includes Easter Island) |- | colspan"6"| The CIA World Factbook is in the public domain. Accordingly, it may be copied freely without permission of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/contributor_copyright.html CIA World Factbook] Copyright notice |}

Areas with minor Hispanic cultural influence

| class"wikitable" style"text-align:center; line-height: 1.25em" ! Continent/Region ! Country/Territory ! Languages Spoken ! Ethnic Groups ! Picture ! References |- | [[Asia]] | [[Philippines]] |Chavacano language a Spanish-based creole languages is still spoken in the Philippines by 600,000 people.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html CIA World Factbook] Philippines Spanish in the Philippines is natively spoken by 5,000 people but second- and third-language speakers range from 500,000 to 2,500,000.http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?namePH Ethnologue]. There are 2,532 immigrants from Spain accordind to http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?typepcaxis&path%2Ft20%2Fp85001&fileinebase&L INE](1/1/2009)1,816,773 Spanish + 1,200,000 Spanish creole: Antonio Quilis "La lengua española en Filipinas", 1996 pag.234 http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf Cervantesvirtual.com], http://www.mepsyd.es/exterior/au/es/File/Ten_Reasons_low-res(1).pdf Mepsyd.es] (page 23),http://www.mepsyd.es/redele/Biblioteca2006/DavidSanchez/Memoria.pdf Mepsyd.es] (page 249),http://spanish-differences.com/Spanish/Philippines-Spanish.php Spanish-differences.com],http://www.aresprensa.com/cms/cms/front_content.php?idart208 Aresprensa.com]. The figure 2,900,000 Spanish speakers, we can find in http://books.google.es/books?eivCXASpS0LqXkmwO0lZnlBg&ctresult&qPluricentric+languages%3A+differing+norms+in+different+nations+spanish+philippines+speakers&btnGBuscar+libros"Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations"] (page 45 by R.W.Thompson), or in http://www.sispain.org/spanish/language/worldwid.html Sispain.org]./ More than 2 million Spanish speakers and around 3 million with Chavacano speakers according to "Instituto Cervantes de Manila" (http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id505Elcastellano.org]) Hispanic culture in the Philippines have impacted several aspects of native languages, such as Tagalog language Cebuano language and ilocano language lt;ref name"phil"/> | Austronesian people 94%, Eurasian (mixed ancestry) (mixed White and Austronesian) 3.6%, Chinese Filipino 2%, and others including Aeta 0.4%
(See: [[Filipino people]])lt;/small> |File:Intramuros 001.jpg | |- | rowspan"4"| [[Micronesia]] | [[Guam]] | Most former Spanish territories in Asia-Pacific no longer recognize Spanish as an official language. The predominant languages used in Guam are English, Chamorro and Filipino. Also, in Guam -a U.S. territory- and the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth in political union with the U.S., a Malayo-Polynesian languages called Chamorro language is spoken, with numerous loanwords with Spanish etymological origins. However it is not a Spanish creole language.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html CIA World Factbook] Guam | Asians, Chamorro people and others |File:Latte stones in Hagatna.jpg | |- | [[Federated States of Micronesia|FSM Micronesia]] | Micronesias official language is English, although native languages, such as Chuukese language Kosraean language Pohnpeian language Yapese language Ulithian language Woleaian Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi are also prominent.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fm.html CIA - The World Factbook -- Micronesia, Federated States of] | Asians, Micronesians, and others | | |- | [[Northern Mariana Islands]] | In the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth in political union with the U.S., a Malayo-Polynesian languages called Chamorro language is spoken, with numerous loanwords with Spanish etymological origins. However it is not a Spanish creole language. The top four languages used in the Northern Mariana Islands are Filipino, Chinese, Chamorro and English.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cq.html CIA World Factbook] Northern Mariana Islands | Asians, Chamorro, and others | | |- | [[Palau]] | In Palau, Spanish is no longer used; instead, the people use their native languages, such as Palauan language Angaur Sonsorolese language and Tobian language https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ps.html CIA World Factbook] Palau | Asians, Palauan language and others | | |- | colspan"6"| The CIA World Factbook is in the public domain. Accordingly, it may be copied freely without permission of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). |}

Music

Folk and popular dance and music also varies greatly among Hispanics. For instance, the music from Spain is a lot different from the Hispanic America , although there is a high grade of exchange between both continents. In addition, due to the high national development of the diverse nationalities and regions of Spain there is a lot of music in the Languages of Spain (Catalan language Galician language and Basque language mainly). See, for instance, Music of Catalonia or Rock català Music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias and Basque music On the other side of the ocean, Latin America is also home to a wide variety of music, even though "Latin" music is often erroneously thought of, as a single genre. Hispanic Caribbean music tends to favor complex polyrhythms of African origin. Music of Mexico shows combined influences of mostly Spanish and Native American origin, while traditional Northern Mexican music — norteño (music) and banda music — is more influenced by country-and-western music and the polka brought by Central Europe n settlers to Mexico The music of Hispanic Americans — such as tejano music — has influences in Rock music jazz Rhythm and blues Latin pop and country music as well as traditional Mexican music such as Mariachi Meanwhile, native Andes sounds and melodies are the backbone of Peruvian and Bolivian music, but also play a significant role in the popular music of most South American countries and are heavily incorporated into the folk music of Ecuador and Chile and the tunes of Colombia, and again in Chile where they play a fundamental role in the form of the greatly followed nueva canción In U.S. communities of immigrants from these countries it is common to hear these styles. Latin pop Rock en Español Hip-hop Salsa (dance) Merengue (dance) and Reggaeton styles tend to appeal to the broader Hispanic population, and varieties of Cuban music are popular with many Hispanics of all backgrounds.

Literature

Hispanic literature and folklore is very rich and is influenced by a variety of countries. There are thousands of writers from many places, and dating from the Middle Ages to the present. Some of the most recognized writers are Miguel de Cervantes (Spain), Lope de Vega (Spain), Calderón de la Barca (Spain), Carlos Fuentes (Mexico), Octavio Paz (Mexico), George Santayana (US), José Martí (Cuba), Sabine Ulibarri (US), Federico García Lorca (Spain), Miguel de Unamuno (Spain), Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia), Horacio Quiroga (Uruguay), Rómulo Gallegos (Venezuela), Rubén Darío (Nicaragua), Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru), Giannina Braschi (Puerto Rico), Cristina Peri Rossi (Uruguay), Clarice Lispector (Brazil), Luisa Valenzuela (Argentina), Roberto Quesada (Honduras), Julio Cortázar (Argentina), Pablo Neruda (Chile), Gabriela Mistral (Chile), Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina), Pedro Henríquez Ureña (Dominican Republic), Ernesto Sabato (Argentina), Juan Tomás Ávila Laurel (Equatorial Guinea), Ciro Alegria (Peru), Joaquin Garcia Monge (Costa Rica), and José Rizal (Philippines).

Religion

With regard to religious affiliation among Hispanics, Christianity — specifically Roman Catholic Church — is usually the first religious tradition that comes to mind. Indeed, the Spaniards took the Roman Catholic faith to Latin America, and Roman Catholicism continues to be the overwhelmingly predominant, but not the only, religious denomination amongst most Hispanics. A small but growing number of Hispanics belong to a Protestantism denomination. There are also Hispanic Jew , of which most are the descendants of Ashkenazi Jews who migrated from Europe (German Jews, Russian Jews, Polish Jews, etc.) to Latin America, particularly Argentina Uruguay Peru and Cuba (Argentina is host to the third largest Jewish population in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States and Canada http://www.jpppi.org.il/JPPPI/SendFile.asp?DBID1&LNGID1&GID489 The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute; Annual Assessment, 2007 ]http://www.ujc.org/section.html?id29 United Jewish Communities; Global Jewish Populations] in the 19th century and during and following World War II Many Hispanic Jews also originate from the small communities of reconverted descendants of anusim — those whose Spanish and Portuguese Sephardi Jews ancestors long ago hid their Jewish ancestry and beliefs in fear of persecution by the Spanish Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition in the Iberian Peninsula and Latin America. The Spanish Inquisition led to a large number of forced conversions of Spanish Jews. Genetic studies on the (male) Y chromosome conducted by the University of Leeds in 2008 appear to support the idea that the number of forced conversions have been previously underestimated significantly. They have determined that the current population of Spain has ancestry through the male line that is at least 20% Jewish.Nicholas Wade, "Gene Test Shows Spains Jewish and Muslim Mix", New York Times 12/5/2008, p.A12 This seems to imply there was much forced conversions than which was previously thought to be about 200,000. There are also the now Catholic-professing descendants of marrano and the Hispano Crypto-Judaism believed to exist in the once Spanish-held Southwestern United States and scattered through Latin America. Additionally, there are Sephardic Jews who are descendants of those Jews who fled Spain to Turkey Syria and North Africa some of whom have now migrated to Latin America, holding on to some Spanish/Sephardic customs, such as the Judaeo-Spanish language which mixes Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic and others, though written with Hebrew and Latin characters.http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?termLadino Online Etymology Dictionary] Ladino Though, it should be noted, that Slavery were also African slaves captive in Spain held prior to the colonial period in the Americas. (See also History of the Jews in Latin America and List of Latin American Jews ) Among the Hispanic Catholics, most communities celebrate their homelands patron saint dedicating a day for this purpose with festivals and religious services. Some Hispanics syncretize Roman Catholicism and African or Native American rituals and beliefs. Such is the case of Santería popular with Afro-Cuban and which combines old African beliefs in the form of Roman Catholic saints and rituals. Other syncretistic beliefs include Spiritism and Curandero While a tiny minority, there are some Muslim in Latin America Hispanic and Latino American Muslims In the United States some 70% of Hispanics and Latinos report themselves Catholic and 23% Protestant, with 6% having no affiliation.lt;/ref> A minority among the Roman Catholics, about one in five, are charismatic Christianity Among the Protestant, 85% are "Born again (Christianity) and belong to Evangelicalism or Pentecostalism churches. Among the smallest groups, less than 4%, are Jewish.

See also

* Spanish language (Hispanophone Languages of Spain Spanish language in the Americas Spanish language in the United States * Latin Americans (Afro-Latin American Amerindians Asian Latin American Criollo people Mestizo Mulatto White Latin American Isleño * Hispanic and Latino Americans (Black Hispanic and Latino Americans White Hispanic and Latino Americans Hispanic/Latino naming dispute Hispanic Heritage Sites (U.S. National Park Service) Hispanic Paradox Cuban-American lobby * Indigenous peoples of the Americas (Aztec Inca civilization Maya civilization Maya peoples * Panhispanism (Hispanism Flag of the Hispanic People Hispanophobia * Hispanic influence on Filipino culture * Emancipados * Fernandinos * Ibero-America (Iberian Peninsula * Latin Union * Hispanos

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

* http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?ao&d89008973 De la Garza, Rodolfo O., and Louis Desipio. Ethnic Ironies: Latino Politics in the 1992 Elections(1996)] *http://homepages.wmich.edu/~ppastran/3170/3170what_is_hispanic.pdf What is a Hispanic? Legal Definition vs. Racist Definition.Montalban-Anderssen. (1996) ] *http://www.fileden.com/files/2007/3/27/931695/What%20is%20a%20Hispanic.pdf What is a Hispanic? Legal Definition vs. Racist Definition. Romero Anton Montalban-Anderssen. Large file with footnotes (1996) ] *http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/798530_772537402_783396757.pdf Price, M., Cooper, C., Competing Visions, Shifting Boundaries: The Construction of Latin America as a World Region]

Notes

External links

*http://www.fileden.com/files/2007/3/27/931695/What%20is%20a%20Hispanic.pdf What is a Hispanic? Racist vs. Legal Definition. Romero Anton Montalban-Anderssen] *http://www.mylatinovoice.com My Latino Voice, the first general interest online destination exclusively in English for Latinos] *http://www.wikilatino.com WikiLatino, An On-Line Encyclopedia for All Things Latino] * *http://www.hispanictips.com HispanicTips: Hispanic & Latino News] *http://www.proyectos-saluda.org/ Proyectos Saluda] Category:Spanish diaspora Category:Multiracial affairs es:Hispano ko:히스패닉 id:Hispanik he:היספנים mk:Хиспано nl:Hispanics ja:ヒスパニック pt:Hispânicos sr:Хиспано tr:Hispanik zh:西班牙裔