Fishery
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Image:Becharof Wilderness Salmon.jpg in southern Alaska ]] Generally, a fishery is an entity engaged in raising and/or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. Fletcher, WJ; Chesson, J; Fisher, M; Sainsbury KJ; Hundloe, T; Smith, ADM and Whitworth, B (2002) http://www.fisheries-esd.com/a/pdf/WildCaptureFisheries_V1_01.pdf The "How To" guide for wild capture fisheries. National ESD reporting framework for Australian fisheries: FRDC Project 2000/145. Page 119–120. According to the FAO a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". The definition often includes a combination of fish and Fisherman in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear types. Madden, CJ and Grossman, DH (2004) http://www.csc.noaa.gov/benthic/funding/CMECS_Dec2004-1.pdf A Framework for a Coastal/Marine Ecological Classification Standard. NatureServe, page 86. Prepared for NOAA under Contract EA-133C-03-SE-0275 A fishery may involve the capture of Wild fishery or raising fish through fish farm ng or aquaculture FAO http://www.fao.org/fi/glossary/default.asp Fisheries glossaryNOAA http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st4/documents/FishGlossary.pdf Fisheries glossary p. 24. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture. Overfishing or taking of fish beyond sustainable levels, is reducing fish stock and employment in many world regions.C.Michael Hogan (2010) http://www.eoearth.org/wiki/Overfishing Overfishing, Encyclopedia of earth, topic ed. Sidney Draggan, ed. in chief C. Cleveland, National Council on Science and the Environment (NCSE), Washington DCftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/brochure/climate_change/policy_brief.pdf Fisheries and Aquaculture in our Changing Climate] Policy brief of the FAO for the UNFCCC United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009 in Copenhagen, December 2009.

The term "fish"

* In biology – the term fishis most strictly used to describe any animal with a Vertebral column that has gill throughout life and has limbs, if any, in the shape of fin .lt;/ref> Many types of aquatic animal commonly referred to as fishare not fish in this Fish#Definition examples include shellfish cuttlefish starfish crayfish and jellyfish In earlier times, even biologists did not make a distinction - sixteenth century natural historians classified also Pinniped , whale , amphibian , crocodile , even hippopotamus s, as well as a host of aquatic invertebrates, as fish.Jr.Cleveland P Hickman, Larry S. Roberts, Allan L. Larson: Integrated Principles of Zoology, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co, 2001, ISBN 0–07–290961–7 * In fisheries – the term fishis used as a collective term, and includes mollusk , crustacean and any aquatic animal which is harvested. The strict biological definition of a fish, above, is sometimes called a true fish True fish are also referred to as finfishor fin fishto distinguish them from other aquatic life harvested in fisheries or aquaculture.

Types

Fisheries are harvested for their value (Commercial fishing Recreational fishing or Artisan fishing . They can be Seawater or freshwater Wildlife or farmed Examples are the salmon fishery of Alaska the Atlantic cod fishery off the Lofoten islands, the tuna fishery of the Pacific Ocean or the shrimp farm fisheries in China Capture fisheries can be broadly classified as industrial scale, small-scale or artisanal, and recreational. Close to 90% of the world’s fishery catches come from oceans and sea , as opposed to inland waters. These marine catches have remained relatively stable since the mid-nineties (between 80 and 86 million tonnes).lt;/ref> Most marine fisheries are based near the coast This is not only because harvesting from relatively shallow waters is easier than in the open ocean, but also because fish are much more abundant near the coast due to upwelling and the abundance of nutrients available there. However, productive wild fisheries also exist in open oceans, particularly by seamount , and inland in lakes and rivers. Most fisheries are wild fisheries but increasingly fisheries are Fish farm Farming can occur in coastal areas, such as with Oyster farming New Zealand Seafood Industry Council. http://www.seafood.co.nz/musselfarming Mussel Farming. but more typically occur inland, in lakes, ponds, tanks and other enclosures. There are species fisheries worldwide for finfish, mollusk and crustacean , and by extension, aquatic plant such as kelp However, a very small number of species support the majority of the world’s fisheries. Some of these species are herring cod anchovy tuna flounder Mullet (fish) squid shrimp salmon crab lobster oyster and scallop . All except these last four provided a worldwide catch of well over a million tonne in 1999, with herring and sardine together providing a harvest of over 22 million metric tons in 1999. Many other species are harvested in smaller numbers.

See also

* Aquatic ecosystem * Fish farming * Fisheries management * Fisheries science * National Fish Habitat Initiative * Wild fisheries * Ocean fisheries * Overfishing * Population dynamics of fisheries * Sea Fish Industry Authority * Regional Fisheries Management Organisation

Notes

References

* Cullis-Suzuki S and Daniel Pauly (2010) http://www.seaaroundus.org/OtherWebsites/2010/YahooNews_TwoStudiesShowLoopholes&GapsInHighSeasFishMgmt.pdf "Failing the high seas: A global evaluation of regional fisheries management organizations"] Marine Policy 34 5) pp 1036-1042. * FAO http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/12306/en Types of fisheries] * Hart PJB and Reynolds JD (2002) http://books.google.co.nz/books?idRSCTL9iq9_sC&pgPA285&lpgPA285&dq%22vulnerable++fish%22&sourcebl&otsX2QnRc1nvC&sigpx7CQvvAPCDKNb7jgmP4SFCh6Kg&hlen&eiizkaSpX6NciOkAXAitT4DA&saX&oibook_result&ctresult&resnum20#PPA285,M1 Handbook of fish biology and fisheries Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9780632054121

External links

* * http://www.fao.org/fi/default.asp FAO Fisheries Department] and its http://www.fao.org/sof/sofia/index_en.htm SOFIA report] * http://firms.fao.org The Fishery Resources Monitoring System (FIRMS)] * http://oregonstate.edu/Dept/IIFET/ The International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET)] *http://darwin.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id11608&page1 Dynamic Changes in Marine Ecosystems: Fishing, Food Webs, and Future Options (2006)], U.S. National Academy of Sciences * http://www.unepscs.org/ UNEP/GEF South China Sea Project] and its http://refugia.unepscs.org/ Fisheries Refugia Portal] and http://www.unepscs.org/SCS_Documents/Download/19_-_Technical_Publications_and_Guidelines/Technical_Publication_15_-_National_Reports_on_Fish_Stocks_and_Habitats_of_the_South_China_Sea.html National Reports on Fish Stocks and Habitats in the South China Sea] Category:Fisheries da:Fiskeri de:Fischerei et:Kalandus el:Αλιευτικό πεδίο es:Caladero fr:Pêcherie hr:Ribarstvo id:Perikanan is:Sjávarútvegur nl:Visserij ja:漁業 nah:Michmāliztli no:Fiskeri nds:Fischeree pl:Rybołówstwo pt:Pesca ru:Рыболовство se:Guolásteapmi sk:Rybárstvo fi:Kalastus tr:Balıkçılık th:ประมง uk:Рибальство zh-yue:漁業 zh:漁業